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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name 5 ways agonists work
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1- Increase precursor
2-Increase exocytosis 3- Increase affinity of post-somatic receptors 4-Inhibit degrading enzymes 5- slow or block reuptake |
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Exocytosis
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release of neurotransmitter from pre-synaptic membrane.
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Antagonists work:
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Post synaptic receptors can be blocked
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Reticular Formation
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Produces many neurotransmitters which can then be projected throughout the brain
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Drugs of abuse generally work in a 3 step process:
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1- Cause the vental tegmental area to release dopamine to:
2- Nucleus Acumbens (Nacc) to: 3- frontal cortex |
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Monoamine Oxidaise (MAO)
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Inhibit degrading enzymes
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In the synaptic cleft
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there are degrading enzymes. Some drugs can make these degrading enzymes less effective.
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What fights neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft.
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Monoamines
Reuptake |
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Monoamines
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Degrading enzymes
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Dopaminergic Neurons
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synthesize and contain dopamine
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Genetic Predisposition for addiction:
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Possibly reuptaking Dopamine too quickly.
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Berride
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First man to describe the difference between wanting and liking.
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If I "want" but don't "like" what's working hard?
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Nucleus Accumbens
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Cocaine
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Inhibits Dopamine reuptake
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Meth
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Inhibits Dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake.
Increases release of Dopamine and norepinephrine |
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Norepinephrine
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Plays a role in brain's vigilance. Low in the morning, more as we become more awake.
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Nicotine
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Increases affinity of postsynaptic acetytlcholine
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Ecstasy (MDMA)
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Increase exocytosis of serotonin
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Depressants
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Bind with GABA receptors especially in the amygdala
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Opiates
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Mimic endorphins- Bind with the periaquaductal gray
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Marijuana
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tetrahydrocannibinol (THC)-
Binds with anandamide receptors -Rapidly turns them on and off. |
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anandamide receptors
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Are autoreceptors found in the:
basal ganglia cerebellum hippocampus |
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hullicinogens
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imitate serotonin-
which inhibits raphe nuclei. And increases activity of locus coeruleus. |
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Raphe Nuclei
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Inhibition happens naturally during dreams.
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Increased activity of locus coeruleus
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Releases norepinphrine throughout brain, and increases vigilance.
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Noreadrenic neurons make:
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norepinephrine and epinephrine
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Locus coeruleus
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releases norepinephrine
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GABA is always
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inhibitory
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Glutamate is always
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excitatory
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Structural Neuroimaging:
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-Computer Aided Tomography (CAT) scan
-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Functional Neuroimaging
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-Positron-emission Tomography (PET)
- functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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Other Biopsychology methods
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
Lesions/Ablations |
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Computer Aided Tomography (CAT) scan
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Series of x-ray slices put together (structural)
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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perturbs hydrogen atom and then allows them to 'relax' (structural)
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Positron-emission Tomography (PET)
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radioactive marker is attached to glucose or a neurotransmitter (functional)
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functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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measures oxygenated blood (functional)
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Problems with functional neuroimaging
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poor spatial and temporal
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)- problems and advantages
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poor spatial resolution, good temporal
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Electrodes placed on scalp measure electrical activity.
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lessions/ablations- problems &advantages
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Destroys part of the brain, allows for naturalistic observation
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Transduction
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Changes from one form of energy to another.
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Auditory Transduction happens where
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cilia
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Visual transduction
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electromagnetic energy is absorbed or reflected
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Rods
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-located throughout retina
-see in greys -good in low light |
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Cones
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-3 kinds
-good for color -better acuity -mostly in fovea |
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Trichromatic color theory
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blue-short wave
green-medium wave red- long wave |
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Ganglion cells
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in the retina, combine to form the optic nerve.
Projected in 2 places |
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10% optic path projects to
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superior colliculi
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90% optic path projects to
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lateral geniculate nuclei
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The magnocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nuclei
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is important for detecting motion
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The parvocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nuclei
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is important for red and green oponent processes.
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The koniocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nuclei
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is important for yellow and blue opponent processes.
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Simple cortical cells emphasize
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edges
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The dorsal stream of the simple cortical cells
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where
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The ventral stream
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what objects are
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Agnosia
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difficulty recognizing objects
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prosopagnosia
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difficulty recognizing faces
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Outer and middle ear:
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pinna
tynpanic membrane ossicles |
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Pinna
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visible part of your ear.
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typanic membrane
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eardrum, transmit sounds from the pinna to the ossicles
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Ossicles
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3 small bones in middle ear. Transmit sound from the typanic membrane to the oval window
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cochlea
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snail shaped
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Oval window
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vibrations of it, cause fluid to move, which moves different areas of the basilar membrane, and the cillia of the hair cells.
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Basilar membrane (stiff/more flexible)
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Stiffer at the base
more flexible at the apex |
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Cillia of the hair cells
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when the hair flicks back and forth transduces to neuroenergy.
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Place theory
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high pitch sounds move the basilar membrane most at the base. Low pitch sounds move mostly at the apex.
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The Hair cells synapse on the
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spiral ganglia cells
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spiral ganglia cells form the
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auditory nerve
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The auditory nerve projects to the
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the cochlear nucleus
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the cochlear nucleus projects to the
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ipsilateral superior olive and the
contralateral superior olive |
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The ipsilateral superior olive and the contralateral superior olive allow for
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sound location
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The ipsilateral superior olive and the contralateral superior olive project to the
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inferior colliculi
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the inferior colliculi project to the
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medial geniculate nuclei
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the medial geniculate nuclei
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filters information and projects to the primary auditory cortex
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The primary auditory cortex is arranged
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tonotopically
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Conduction deafness
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fussion of ossicles, happens with age. Hearing aids help
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nerve deafness
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death of the hair cells. Usually happens with loud noise over time.
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tinnitus
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ringing in the ears. The hair cells get tangled.
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