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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
DNA structure
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double helix
side =sugar and phospate back bone inside = hydrogen bonded nitrogenous bases width = 2nm length per circle = 3.4 nm 10 base pair = 10 nucleartide |
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nucleotide structure
difference btw DNA and RNA |
phosphate-sugar-nitrogenous base
in sugar DNA has H on the c next to the c connected to nitrogen base RNA has OH Phospodiester Bond (btw P and S) Glycosidic Bond (btw S and N) nucleotide is added to 3 hydroxyl group Nitrogen base -pyrimidines --cytosine, thymine(in DNA), uracil(in RNA) -purine --guanine --adenine |
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Phospodiester Bond
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in nucleotide
btw P and S |
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glycosidic bond
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in nucleotide
BTW S and N |
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Nitrogen Base
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-pyrimidines
--cytosine, thymine -purine --guanine --adenine cyosine:::guanine (3 H bond) thymine (uracil in RNA)::adenine |
CUT the PYE
Cytosine, Uracile, thymine are pyrimidines |
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Chargaff Rule
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A::T(double bond) and C:::G(triple bond) 양이 같다
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DNA replication
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semi-conservative (parent strand is paired with daughter strand)
daughter strand is made from 5->3 leading strand 5->3 (thus stick to 3 end of parent strand) Okazaki fragment stick to 5 end of parent strand but replicates by fragment from 5->3 and Ligase connects the frgments 1. DNA is unwind from the histone protein by DNA helicase 2. Break is created in the DNA by topoisomerase which also stablize broken strand 3. DNA POL comes in and replicate -origin of replication --Prok : one --euk: many |
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Helicase
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double helix 가 풀어진다
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SSB protein
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helicase 에 의해 풀린 가닥이 결합하는걸 방지
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Primase
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RNA Primer를 만든다
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DNA Pol III
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can't start w/o RNA primer
parent strand 3end 애 새로들어오는 nucleotide 를 붙인다 |
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DNA POL I
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RNA primer 를 5 말단으로부터 제거 RNA nucleotide 로 대치
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Ligase
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connect lagging strand (Okazaki fragment)
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Gyrase
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DNA 엉킴방지
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topoisomerase I and II
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I : DNA 한가닥 절단
II: DNA 두가닥 절단 also stablize the broken strand |
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Prokaryote DNA POL
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I, II, III
I III proof read I exonuclease base 제거 |
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eukaryototic DNA POL
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alpha, beta, Y, sigma,E
Alphal: lagging strand sigma: leading strand |
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types of RNA
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mRNA: messenger RNA, made in nucleus
tRNA: transfer RNA, bring amino acid to ribosome, made in cytosol rRNA: ribosomal RNA;component of ribosome, made in nucleoli |
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tRNA
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each tRNA is specific for one a.a
has two ends, one end has anticodons, other end has a.a that is corresponds to codon |
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Transcription
3 step -initiation -elongation -termination |
process of making mRNA
like replication mRNA is made from 5 -->3 in nucleus DNA cannot leave the nucleus or it will be cleaved by cytoplasmic DNAse helicase-Topiosomerase-RNA POL |
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Transcription
Initiation |
start from the Promotor (TATAA BOX)
Function of Promotor -determine where to begin -determine which strand is template RNA POL 은 DNA promotor 를 인식 |
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Function of Promotor
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Function of Promotor
-determine where to begin -determine which strand is template |
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Transcription
Elongation |
RNA POL 은 20 b.p 씩 DNA의 base H-bond 를 끊으면서 unwinds DNA
No proof reading (unlike DNA POL) 5-->3 direction of mRNA |
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Transcription
Termination |
RNA POL 은 Terminator 라는 염기서열에 도착하면 종결
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Post transcriptional RNA processing
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RNA (intron/exon)splicing
addition of methyguanine Cap (capping) Roly A tali prevents mRNA from degrading as it leaves the nucleus |
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RNA splicing
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DNA 에서 온 intron (noncoding zone) 을 컷, exon (coding zone) 을 이어준다
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capping
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5 end 에 7 methyguanosine 이 결합
protect mRNA from hydrolytic enzyme ribome이 mRNA 를 인식하는 신호작용 핵에서 세포질로 mRNA 이동증진 |
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poly A tail
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3end 에 AAUAAA sequence
mRNA 분해돼는걸 방지 mRNA 번역 증진 |
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Prokaryote DNA POL
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I, II, III
I III proof read I exonuclease base 제거 |
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eukaryototic DNA POL
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alpha, beta, Y, sigma,E
Alphal: lagging strand sigma: leading strand |
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translation
initiation elongation termination |
RNA to Protein
initiation begins when tRNA complex attaches to the mRNA at the start codon (AUG) Termination take place when the tRNA complex reaches one of the stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) |
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Start codon
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AUG
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Stop codon
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UAA, UAG, UGA
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Translation
initiation |
small ribosomal subunit가 mRN의 5' 말단에 있는 leader's segment와 결합
(prokaryotes, bacteria: shine delgado sequence 와 결합) (euk: AUG start codon) MET (a.a) which codes for AUG 를 운반해온 tRNA 가 mRNA 에 붙는다 (Psite) 그리고 large subunit 가 붙는다. |
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Translation
elongation |
a.a 는 첫번째 a.a 뒤에 하나씩 붙는다.
1st codon recognition (after start codon) peptide formation -P 자리에 tRNA에 있는 A.A 가 A 자리 tRNA 와연결 translocation P to E site A to P site |
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Large subunit
binding Site |
A: aminocyl tRNA binding site
P: peptidyl tRNA binding site E: exit site |
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Translation
Termination |
elongation until stop codon reaches at A site
release factor 가 A site stop codon 에 결합 -polypeptide chain 을 tRNA로부터 분해 (hydrolysis) -large/small subunit 분해 |
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protein synthesis
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occurs at ribosome
small subunit attach to mRNA Large subunit attach to tRNA |
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tRNA + a.a by??
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aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
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# of codon greater than a.a ??
degeneracy(redundancy) of the genetic code |
yes
thus a.a 는 하나 이상의 코돈에서 암호화된다. 64 codons> 20a.a thus a.a represented by more then one codon |
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protein funtionality
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it must adopt a tertiary structure (which is determined by primary structure)
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mutation
2 types |
germline mutation
-occur in gamte cell -pass to offspring somatic mutation -lead to tumor mutations are chages in theDNA caused by mutagens: UV, radiation or chemical) |
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Point mutation
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when single nucleotide base (C,U,T,A,G) is subsituded by another base
lead to DNA damage |
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types of point mutation
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silent
missense nonsense Toguchi |
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Silent mutation
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point mutation
a change ina single base of mRNA coding strand does not change the a.a that is produced by the codon due to degeneracy codon 의 중복성 thus no a.a change |
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Missense Mutation
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point mutation
mutation in the coding strand cause the production of a different protein then intended |
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Nonsense mutation
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point mutation
changed base in the coding strand is code for stop codon which produce non-functional protein |
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Toguchi mutation
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point mutation
due to the redundency, base change code for the protein that was originally intended |
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Frameshift Mutation
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insertion or deletion of multiple nucleotides which results in a shift in the reading frame
(choromosome mutation) -delete -duplicate -inversion -translocation |
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Kinefelter syndrome
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XXY
extra X choromosme |
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Down Syndrome
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XXX
trisomy of chromosome 21 nondisjuction -failure of homologus choromosme to seperate properly during meiosis or failure of sister cromatid to seperate properly during meiosis II -result zygote have threee copies of that chromosome |
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Turner syndrome
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X
only in felmeld |
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nondisjunction
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failure of homologus chromosome to seperate properly during meiosis or failure of sister cromatid to seperate properly during meiosis II
result zygote have three copies of chromosome |
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operon
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gene reglaton system
consist of operator gene and structural gene |
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gene expresstion (transcription)
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regulator gene
promotor gene operatior gene structural gene |
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regulator gene
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produce repressor molecule
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promotor gene
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binding site for RNA POL
non coding |
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Operator gene
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is the sequence of nontranscribable DNA that is repressor binding site
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structural gene
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contain sequence of DNA that code for proteins
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inducible system
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repressor binds to the operator and prevent RNA POL from transcribing the structual gene
inducer binds to the repressor and form inducer repressor complex and can't bind to operator and transcribe occur inducer is usually substrate an structureal gene code for enzyme thus when substrate is there then enzyme is produced |
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repressible system
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repressor can't bind to the operator and prevent transcription
need corepressor (end product) repressor corepressor complex bind to the operator and stop transcription protein produced by repressible sys. |
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tRNA molecules have the a.a bound to the () end of the moelecule
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3 end
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during protein synthesis message is read from?
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5 to 3
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protein synthesis (translation) require energey
true or false? |
true
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prokaryotes do not have () organelle
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membrane bound thus do not have neucleus
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erythrocyte (red blood cell)does not have what??
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DNA because they do not have neucleus so that they can store more hemoglobin in humans and other mammals
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lac operon
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is set of cntrol and structural gene in E Coli. that allow digeston of lactose
follow inducible system lack of lactose a repressor protein is bound to the operator, preventing RNA POL from binding to the DNA thus preventing translation of the structural gene when lactoe is present and glucose is absent the repressor is removed and RNA POL can attach to promotor and translation occur |
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must know the difference when question is asking prabability genetic question
and when question is askng ration of phenotype. |
example of prabability genetic question is q7 pcat bio 1
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