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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Calculate the energy yield from the TCA cycle.
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Total 12 ATP equivalents are synthesized by TCA cycle per mole of acetyl-CoA
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Flavoproteins in ETC
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integral membrane proteins, hydrogen carriers
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Ubiquione(coenzyme Q)
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mobile hydrogen carrier, has a hydrocarbon tail with 10 isoprene units.
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Heme and iron sulfur complexes
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non heme, functions in mitochondrial chain by changing oxidation state from ferrous to ferric, integral membrane proteins.
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Complex 1 (NADH-CoQ reductase
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oxidizes mitochondrial NADH and transfers electrons though FMN and FeS complexes to Ubiquinone.
Cofactor:FMN. Electron acceptor: Ubiquinone. Provides energy to pump four protons from the matrix in the reaction. |
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Complex 2 (Succinate-Q reductase)
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oxidizes succinate to fumarate,
reduces FADH to FADH2, carries electrons |
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Complex 3 (CoQ-cytochrome c reductase)
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oxidizes ubiquinone and reduces cytochrome c
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Complex 4 (cytochrome c oxidase)
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uses the H from complex 3 to make h2o, the multimer (cytochrome a and a3 and Cu) are electron carriers. 4 electrons are transferred from mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space.
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Chylomicrons
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Plasma Lipoprotein
transfer triglycerides from intestine to lymph to blood |
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Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
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Plasma Lipoprotein
synthesized by the liver and transport lipids to tissues |
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Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
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Plasma Lipoprotein
bind to LDL receptors on cells and are engulfed into the cell, delivering cholesterol to the cell |
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High Density Lipoprotein (HDL).
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Plasma Lipoprotein
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Gases(o2, co2, no), polar molecules, small and uncharged (ethanol), water (h2o), polar molecules, large and uncharged(glucose) CAN/CAN NOT pass through the membrane
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CAN
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. Ions (na,k, mg, ca, cl, hco3, hpo4) polar molecules, charged (amino acids, nucleotides, sugar phosphates) CAN/CAN NOT pass through the membrane
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CAN NOT
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Essential fatty acids
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have 2 or more double bonds (like linolenic and linolenic acids)
CAN NOT be synthesized, it must be supplied via diet. Essential fatty acids are important precursors to prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes. |
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Nonessential fatty acids
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acids that can be synthesized from another reactant to produced the desired acid as a product (like arachidonic acid).
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Triolein
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Liquid at room temperature
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Tristearin
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Solid at room temperature
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Open Chain Lipid
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Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids
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Closed Chain Lipid
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Steroids such as cholesterol, bile acids and hormones
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Triglycerides
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Storage form of fatty acid, not a membrane lipid
"neutral fats" Stored in adipocytes Form compact, anhydrous bodies within the cell due to their hydrophobicity Are less oxidized than carbohydrates, so they have more reducing power and generate more energy |
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Two Types of Phospholipids
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Phosphoglycerides-
Phospholipids that have a glycerol backbone with attached fatty acids, phosphate and a group, which is donated by an alcohol (such as choline) Sphingomyelins- Phospholipids that have a sphingosine backbone with attached fatty acids, phosphate and a group, which is donated by an alcohol |
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What is the simplest form of phosphoglyceride?
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Phosphatidic acid
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What is the component of surfactant, a substance that allows mucus membranes to function properly
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Diphosphatidylglycerol
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______ is a membrane phospholipid
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Phosphatidylcholine
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Sphingomyelin
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both a sphingolipid and a phospholipid
component of cell membrane provides insulation for electronic impulses MS is assocaited with a decreased amount of this. |
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Classes of Sphingolipids
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Cerebrosides- sphingolipid with monosaccharide as a head group
Sulfatides- sulfated cerebroside Ganglioside- sphingolipids with an attached oligosaccharide |
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Sphingolipids with covalently bound sugars are known as
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glycosphingolipids or glycolipids
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Steroids
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glycosphingolipids or glycolipids
ex. cholesterol |
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Composition of Biomembranes
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Major membrane lipids(Phospholipids, Sphingolipids, Glycolipids, Cholesterol)
Proteins |
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Major membrane lipids
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Phospholipids
Sphingolipids Glycolipids Cholesterol |
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Flipflop movement of lipids between outer and inner bilayer is rare and needs this enzyme
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Flippase
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Most membrane lipids and proteins easily move on the surface by ?
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Laterla Diffusion
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Atherosclerosis is a disease of what?
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hardening of the arteries. The “hardening” is caused by the deposition of plaques within the vessel
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Risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis include:
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Abnormally high levels of LDL-cholesterol
Abnormally low levels of HDL-cholesterol |
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active in erythrocytes under fasting conditions
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GLUT-1
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active in pancreatic cells in response to intake of food resulting in increase in blood glucose concentration.
leads to insulin secretion |
GLUT-2
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active in brain and placenta
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GLUT-3
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uptake of glucose, stimulated by insulin in muscle tissues
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GLUT-4
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uptake of dietary fructose in intestine
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GLUT-5
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Acetyl CoA is the intermediate between ____ and ____.
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Glycolysis and the citric acid cyle
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Two major funcitons of the TCA cyle
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Biosynthesis and Energy production
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Pyruvate must be converted to _____ before entering the citric acid cycle
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acetyl-CoA
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Coenzymes of pyruvate dehydrogenase
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Pyruvate decarboxylase(E1): Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase(E2): lipoic acid, CoA-SH Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase(E3): FAD+, NAD |
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In the regulation of the pyruvate hedyrogenase, what is the kinase inhibtor/activator?
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activiation:low concentration of ATP
inhibition:pyruvate, CoASH, NAD+ |
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Products of TCA cycle
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NADH 3
GTP 1 FADH2 1 CO2 2 Metabolic intermediates |
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Anaplerotic
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"Filling up"
Anaplerotic reactions provide the TCA cycle with intermediates other than acetyl-CoA to maintain the activity of the cycle |