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43 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
What is pharmacology ? |
The study of drugs & their actions and effects on living systems |
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What is the study of how the drug works? |
Pharmacodynamics |
Dynamics : D : Drugs |
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What is the study of how the body affects the drug? |
Pharmacokinetics |
Kintetics K : AffeKts / aKts |
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Define drugs. 2 parts. |
‘Any substance or product that is used tomodify or explore physiologicalsystems of pathological states for the benefit of the recipient’ ‘Any substancethat acts on living tissue’ |
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What is the "indicator" ? |
The condition or disease for which a drug is prescribed. |
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What are the (4) elements of pharmokinetics. |
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion |
ADME=Sad facebook guy |
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What are contraindications? |
The diseases or conditions where a drug should not be used e.g. pregnancy is a contraindication for many drugs. |
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What are pharmacological effects? |
The effects of the drug. |
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What are drug intereactions ? |
When two drugs compete with, interfere, cancel each other out, or cause a side effect in combination e.g. warfarin and aspirin |
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Where do drugs come from? (5) Try give an example of each. |
1. Micro-organisms (fungi is antibiotics) 2. Humans & other animals (insulin) 3. Minerals (iron) 4. Substances synthesised in labs (anti-depressants) 5. Plants (cocaine, morphine) |
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What are the three characteristics of useful drugs? |
potent (small but punchy) selective (act on a particular tissue or receptor or process) specific |
PSS |
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What are the (4) ways drugs are named? |
1. Chemical. 2. Generic. Group name/family name. Drug surnames. e.g. benzodiazepines 3. Approved. Also called "non-propriety/generic". Active ingredient. e.g diazepam 4. Trade. Proprietary or brand name. E.g. valium. |
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What is the pregnancy safety categorisation? |
A, B1, B2, B3, C, D, X ^ A being okay for fetas, X being thalidomide |
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What does parenteral mean? What is the formulation? |
Injections. (though tech mean anything outside of oral) Solution. |
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What are the (10) ways drugs can enter the body? |
Parenteral (injection) Rectal Oral Vaginal Intranasal Sublingual Otic (ear) Transdermal Opthalamic (eye) Topical |
PROVISO TOT. |
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What are the formulations of oral administration? |
Tablet, capsule, syrup |
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What are the formulations of vaginal administration? |
Pessaries |
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1. What are the advantages of oral administration? (4) 2. What are the disadvantages of oral administration? (2) |
1. natural, uncomplicated, convenient, removable 2. Slow response, irregular absorption |
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What is the excipient? |
The inert binding material that binds the compact powder in tablet |
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What are sustained-release preparations? |
Tablet is formulate in such a way that it slowly releases into the G.I tract e.g resin, another layer, resin etc THEN drug |
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What are controlled-release preparations? |
Drugs/tablets constructed in a way where their release is consistent along the G.I tract an between users |
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What are enteric coated tablets? |
Tablets coated in a substance which protects the tablet/substance from being released within the stomach acids |
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1. What takes place in sublingual administration? 2. What does this method avoid? (2) |
1. The application of the drug to the inguinal mucous underneath the tongue 2. Bypasses the hepatic portal system & avoids mixing with gastric juices/food |
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1. Why would a drug be administered topically? 2. What are three examples? |
1. For local or systemic effects. 2. Patch, pessaries, intranasal spray |
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1. What are the advantages of rectal drug administration? 2. What are the disadvantages? 3. What are (2) rectal administrations? |
1. Good for people with difficulties swallowing, nausea, vomiting 2. Difficulties administering 3. i) suppository (rectal mucosa) ii) enema (also 4 causing bowl motion) |
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1. What are the advantages of parenteral drug administration? (2) 2. What are the disadvantages? (3) 3. What are some examples (3)? |
1. Alternative to oral, much faster. 2. Problems administering, invasive, nonrecoverable 3. Subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous |
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1. What is a dosage regime? 2. What is its aim? 3. What type of ratios exist? (4) |
1. The amount + frequency of drugs administered. 2. To achieve therapeutic effects whilst avoiding toxicity 3. Fixed, variable, max dose tolerated or repeated |
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What are (5) things that alter drug dosage? |
1. Age 2. Body weight 3. Pregnancy 4. Other drugs 5. Smoking |
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What is the definition of therapeutic range? What does it lie between? |
range of drug concentrations having a high probability ofcausing desired therapeutic effect & a low probability ofcausing toxic effects Lies between minimum therapeutic concentration + minimum toxic concentration |
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How is the therapeutic index calculated?
When are drugs safe? |
Give a bunch to mine - see at what amount 50% die & and what amount is there benefit.
When they have a small therapeutic index. |
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What is volume of distribution? e.g. of this! |
Theoretical volume Distribution gets bigger the more areas the drug can enter e.g. just in plasma = distribution is the same volume as plasma (5L). In bones? Distribution greater. E.G women have less volume of distribution for alcohol because we have less water more fat |
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1. What is the definition of drug clearance? 2. How does this help calculate dose? |
1. The volume of blood cleared irreversibly of a drug per unit of time / how quickly it is eliminated 2. determines the rate required to keep the dose at therapeutic levels |
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What is drug 1/2 life time? What is it a determinant of? (3) |
- the time for the plasma or blood concentration of drugto decrease by one half - 1) duration of action of drug after single dose2) time taken to reach steady state concentration3) dosing frequency |
[drug] = 1000 mg/l at 0 hr [drug] = 500 mg/l after 4 hr *[] = concentration |
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How many doses does it take a drug to get into steady state concentration? |
4 to 5 |
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1. What is the definition of drug absorption? 2. What determines absorption/whether a drug can cross cell membranes @ sites? (2) |
1. Passage of a drug from its site of administration into plasma 2. i) nature of absorbing surface. ii) chemical structure of drug (fat soluble better). |
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1. What is the definition of drug distribution? 2. What are the only drugs that can have an effect? |
1. transfer of drug between locations (via blood) 2. "free" drugs / those without charge. |
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1. What is the definition of drug metabolism? (2) 2. What does this do to drugs? |
1. i) enzyme modification of drug molecules ii) start of the elimination process 2. metabolism of drugs by the liver renders drugs hydrophilic(not lipid soluble) |
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What is bioavailability? What is it expressed as? |
amount of drug that is available to the body to produce a therapeutic effect As a % |
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1. What is the definition of drug excretion? |
1. irreversible loss of unchanged drug or metabolite from bodyeg) in urine |
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1. What do drugs act on in our body? 2. What via? 3. What do they bind to? |
1. DNA 2. Chemical reaction 3. Protein molecules (primary drug targets) |
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What are the (4) main primary drug targets/protein molecules concerned in drugs? |
1. carrier molecules 2. enzymes 3. ion channels 4. receptors |
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1. What are receptors? 2. What is a ligand? |
1. a group of proteins that are drug targets 2. Part of the drug molecule that binds to the receptor |
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1. How do drugs act on receptors? 2. What is an agonist? 3. What is an antagonist? |
1. By binding to them either on the cell membrane or to receptors within the cell in the cytosol 2. Agonist = drug that binds to the receptor and activates it (full or partial). 3. One that binds and blocks our own chems from binding aka beta-blockers |
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