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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the four fields of anthropology?
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Physical, Cultural, Linguistic, Archaelogical
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Why is the study of primatology important?
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Gives us clues into the structure and behavior of early hominids.
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Define Human Biological Plasticity
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- Body's ability to change
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Who was Archbishop James Ussher? Why was he important?
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Pre-scientific scholar, counted "begat" to "begat" in Bible and estimated age of Earth
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What are the steps of the Scientific Method?
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1. Question/Observation
2. Form Hypothesis 3. Experiment (collect data) 4. Organize/Analyze data 5. Draw conclusions 6. Communicate Results |
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Why was Copernicus important?
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He postulated that Sun, not Earth, was the center of the universe
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Carolus Linnaeus
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- Proposed a hierarchical classification of organisms on 4 levels
- Wrote Systema Naturae (1735) - Included humans as "homo sapiens" |
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Comte de Buffon
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- Believed all species continue as created
- Espoused microevolution |
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Erasmus Darwin
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- Charles' grandfather
- Came up with the idea of one common ancestor "one living filament." - Wrote about Natural Laws in his poetry. |
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Does Evolution have a goal?
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No
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What are the processes of evolution?
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Genetic drift, Natural Selection, Mutation, Gene Flow
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What is genetic drift?
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Drift of allele frequency over time
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What is gene flow?
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Two formerly isolated populations can now intermingle; new allelic frequencies
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What is natural selection?
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Traits vary; some are better suited to the current environment; these are more likely to be passed down because parents are more likely to survive and pass down genes
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What is mutation?
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A permanent change in the DNA sequence of the gene
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Georges Cuvier
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-Catastrophism (undeserving species were wiped out, then renewed in "better" forms)
- Study of zoology |
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James Hutton
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- principles of geologic change
- Earth much older than 1,000s of years |
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Charles Lyell
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- Wrote Principles of Geology, which Darwin read on HMS Beagle
- proposed Uniformitarianism - Estimates age of Earth (old) - Darwin: if Earth changed over time, why not life? |
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What is Uniformitarianism?
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Uniform and consistent geologic processes that occur over time and change the appearance of the Earth
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
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- "Lamarckism"- Theory of Inherited Characteristics
- "Use"/"Disuse" idea - use or disuse initiates change in structure/organ - changes are heritable |
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Thomas Malthus
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- Economist
- Espoused "survival of the fittest"- population carrying capacity |
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What was Darwin's Theory of Evolution?
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- Evolution, or change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient ones.
- Testable theory |
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What were Darwin's lines of evidence?
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- Domesticated plants & animals
- Natural distribution - Geo and Paleo record - Comparative Anatomy: Convergence & Divergence - Embryology - Vestigial Organs - Homologous structures |
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What is a gene? What types of genes are there?
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Sequence of DNA bases
- Structural - Regulatory |
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Chromosomes
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- Double helix of DNA
- Only visible during cell division 2 types: autosomal and sex |
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Steps of Protein Synthesis
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1. DNA unzips
2. DNA transcribes into mRNA - transcription 3. mRNA leaves nucleus; goes to ribo in cytoplasm 4. mRNA docks on ribo 5. Codons are read @ ribo - Start (AUG)- Methionine - Translation 6. tRNA brings amino acids to Ribosome - tRNA in cyto has anticodon 7. Amino acids link to form polypeptide 8. Polypeptide is folded/packaged/exported |
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What are three common Stop Codons?
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UAA, UGA, UAG
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Why are proteins important
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- Structural components of tissues (ex. collagen)
- Enzymes: initate/control chem rx - Hormones: body's system of controls - Regulatory: regulate DNA activity |
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What are three processes of meiosis that increase genetic variation?
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1. Independent Assortment
2. Crossing Over/Recombination 3. Random fertilization |
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What is Independent Assortment?
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Chromosomes of individual that they got from their mom or dad assort randomly into the individual's gametes
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What is Crossing Over?
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- Combines genes inherited from both parents during prophase of meiosis 1
- Homologous portions of 2 non-sister chromatids change places (location = chiasmata) |
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What is Random Fertilization?
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-Egg 1 of 8 million poss.
- Sperm 1 of 8 million poss. Combo of that sperm and that egg = random |
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What is deletion?
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segment of chromosome structure does not get copied
ABCDEFG --> ABEFG |
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What is duplication?
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segment of genes on chromosome get repeated
ex. ABCDEFG --> ABCDCDEFG |
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What is Inversion?
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segment of genes on chromosome can put in "backwards"
ABCDEFG -- ABEDCFG |
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What is translocation?
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crossing over
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What is nondisjunction?
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The failure of homologous chromosomes (chromatids) to separate properly during cell division. Chromosomes are assorted in such a way that some gametes have more chromosomes than they should, some have less
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What is a point mutation?
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Chemical changes in 1 nucleotide in a single gene
AGG is transcribed as TGG, TGG is what causes sickle cell |
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T/F: Mutations can affect protein function
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True
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What is an allele?
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One of 2+ alternative forms of a gene that are found on the same place on a chromosome
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Codominant
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Both alleles are expressed phenotypically in the hybrid genotype
ex. chicken with white feathers + chicken with black feathers = chicks with white & black feathers |
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Incomplete dominance
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Hybrid is a phenotypic blend
WW = white flowers RR = red flowers WR = pink flowers |
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Mendelian Traits
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Governed by 1 character; heritable
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What were Mendel's Laws?
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1. Law of Particulate Inheritance
2. Law of Segregation |
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What was the Law of Particulate Inheritance?
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Idea that heritable "encapsulated" forms of genes were passed down generation to generation (basically alleles, but not his term)
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What is the Law of Segregation?
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- Our genes are normally paired but in meiosis are segregated in form of a gamete
-Gamete has only one combo of all genetic material (haploid) |
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What is linkage?
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Tendency of certain alleles to be inherited together. Gene loci are physically close to one another and tend to stay together during meiosis
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T/F: Most eukaryotic species DO NOT follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance?
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False
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What is Polygenic Inheritance?
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Additive Effect- (2 genes, 1 phenotype)
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What is Pleiotropy?
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Ability of a single gene to affect multiple phenotypic characters
ex. Sickle cell |
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What is Epistasis?
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gene at 1 loci alters phenotypic expression of gene at another loci
ex. coat color in mice BBCc vs. Bbcc |
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Are Polygenic Inheritance/Pleiotropy/Epistasis Mendelian forms of Inheritance?
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No
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What is the maternal effect?
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Refers to an inheritance pattern for certain nuclear genes in which the genotype of the mother directly determines the phenotype of her offspring
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What is epigenetic inheritance?
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Refers to a pattern in which a modification occurs to a nuclear gene or chromosome that alters gene expression
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What are the factors of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
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- mating is random
-infinitely large population with no sampling error - no evolution (no mutation/natural selection/migration) |
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What are the two equations involved in the Hardy Weinberg equation?
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p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p +q = 1 p = A q = a |
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What is adaptive radiation?
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Process of species emerging from one or few ancient ones, like spokes of a wheel emerging from a hub
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What is biogeography?
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The distribution of animals and plans on the Earth
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What are vestigial organs?
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body parts that seem to serve no moder purpose and have, therefore, atrophied
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What is a pedigree?
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A diagram used in the study of human genetics that shows the transmission of a genetic trait over generations of a family
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What are homologous chromosomes?
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Members of the same pair of chromosomes (or autosomes). Homologous chromosomes undergo crossing over during meiosis.
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What is a centromere?
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Condensed and constricted region of a chromosome. During mitosis and meiosis, location where sister chromatids attach to one another.
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What is a locus?
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The location of a gene on a chromosome
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What is chromatin?
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Dispersed, uncoiled DNA as it exists during interphase of the cell cycle.
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What environmental changes lead to bipedality?
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- Environmental changes: savanna mosaic of woodland and open grassland where bipedality was selected for as an efficient mode of long distance travel
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What non-environmental changes lead to bipedality?
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- Carrying things
- Hunger/gatherer/feeding - Thermoregulation -Visual surveillance - long distance walking - provisioning by males of females - tool using |
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What were characteristics of the last common ancestor?
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- terrestrial but some arboreal behavior
- omnivorous with possibly some hunting - social: some communication system, reliance on visual cluse and individual recognition - limited tool use |
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Australopithecus africanus
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- small brain case
- small teeth - short stature - small light dished face - no sagittal crest - 2.5-3 mya - Taung, Sterkfontein, Makanpansgat, |
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Gracile hominids
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A. bahrelghazadi
A. africanus A. Garhi |
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Robust hominids
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Paranthropus robustus
Paranthropus boisei Australopithecus aethipicus |
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Paranthropus Robustus
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- very large molars
- small incisors - sagittal crest - about same body size as gracile forms - strong sexual dimorphism - Time 2.5-1.5 mya |
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T/F: A. bahrelghazali was contemporaneous with A. afarensis
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True
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What makes the Genus Homo different from Australopithecus
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Encephalizaion, Stone Tools
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Defining the Genus Homo
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- larger, more rounded brain case
- less projecting face - smaller teeth - more efficient bipedalism |
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T/F: Early Homo and Robust Australopithecines lived at same time/place?
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True. Both lived in E & S Africa. Robust A. lived 2.5-1.5 mya and Homo habilis lived 3.5-1.6v mya
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Did early homo most likely evolve from a gracile or robust australopithecine?
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Gracile
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Hominid
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humans, great apes, and common ancestor
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Hominin
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humans and ancestors
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What kind of tools did Homo Erectus Make and Use?
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Acheulian stone tools
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