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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Chromosomes condense only in "blank" cells
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Eukaryotes
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Regarding Mitosis and Meiosis what does "N" and "C" stand for
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N - # of set of chromsome
C - DNA content |
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In mitosis the division goes from 2N4C ---> "blank"
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2N2C
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List three things that happen during Prophase
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1. DNA condenses into chromosomes
2. nuclear envelope breaks 3. spindle fibers form |
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Where do kinectocores attach to?
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centromeres
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What happens during anaphase?
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sister chromatids separate. kinectocores use ATP to pull the sister chromatids.
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What are kinectocores made out of?
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microtubules
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What happens during telophase?
List 2 things |
1. chromosomes decondense
2. nuclear envelope reforms |
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During phase I of Meiosis goes from 2N4C --->"blank"
phase II? |
phase I - 1N2C
Phase II - 1N1C |
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When does crossing over occur?
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metphase I
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List 4 ways to create genetic variation
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1. mutation
2. crossing over 3. independent assortment of chromosomes 4. random fertilization |
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homozygous pair
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ex. bb or BB
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heterozygous
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Bb
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Allele
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alternative version of a gene
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genotype
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description of 2 alleles of a gene. ex. Bb, bb
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phenotype
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descriptino of a trait/expression of gene
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dominant
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determines phenotype in heterozygotes
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recessive
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masked in heterozygote
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What Mendelian's 1st law?
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two alleles for a trait segregate independently
Note: there is no corssing over |
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What is Mendelian's 2nd law?
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law of independent assortment
each "unlinked" pair of alleles segregate into gametes independently |
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what are linked genes?
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genes are on the same chromosome
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What is the benefit of using Drosophilas?
list 4 |
1. short life span
2. small 3. prolific breeders 4. 4 pairs of chromosomes |
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relationship between distance between genes and # of recombinants
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decrease distance between genes, decrease # of recombinants
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% recombinant
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# of recombinants / total offspring
units in centimorgans |
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parental type and recombinant type
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parental: gene did not switch
recombinant type: gene did switch |
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3 kinds of genetics problems that can be on test
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1. what is genotype or phenotype of parents?
2. what is ratio/probability in offspring? 3. How the genes related? |
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What are the 4 cases possible for dihybrids?
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1. autosomally unlinked
9:3:3:1 raiton in phenotype 2. autosomally linked 3. both x-linked 4. one gene X-linked the other autosomal |
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Genetic complementation
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1. each nutant allele must be recessive to the wild type allele
2. corss homozygous mutant flies 3. if F1 progeny show the wild type phenotype, they complement, are not alleles, are mutations in different genes. 4. F1 progeny show the mutant phenotype, they do not complement, are mutations in the same gene, are alleles |
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Purine
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Guanine and Adenine
two rings |
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Pyrmidines
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Cytosine and Thymine
one ring |
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How many H bonds beween G and C and how many H bonds between A and T?
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3 H bonds for GC
2 H bonds for AT |
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when does replication occur of cell cycle? Where for prok and euk?
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Synthesis phase
Prokaryotes in cytosol Eukaryotic in nucleus |
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Helicase
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unwinds and unzips DNA
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primase
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attaches RNA primers
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DNA polymerase III
list 3 functions |
1. can only synthesize 5'->3'
2. cannot intiate DNA synthesis 3. simultaneously copies both strands |
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Polymerase I
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replaces all RNA with DNA that is in lagging strand
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What does DNA ligase do during DNA synth?
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makes last phosphodiester linkage
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Lagging strand has what type of fragment?
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Okazaki
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What DNA polymerase II do?
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repairs DNA
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What is the difference beween thymine and uracil?
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thymine has methyl group instead of hydrogen
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ribozyme
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proteins and RNA complex that catalyzes translation
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4 mech to know
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1. adding dNTP in DNA replication
2. spliceosome (cut out introns) 3. translation (making polypeptide) 4. making tRNA - amino acid |