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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cellular Respiration |
A cellular Process that breaks down nutrient molecules with the concomitant production of ATP. |
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Aerobic Process |
Consumes oxygen and produces CO2 |
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Cellular Respiration Oxidation |
Glucose to carbon dioxide |
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Cellular Respiration Reduction |
Oxygen to Water |
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NAD+ |
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Coenzyme of redox Can be used over and over again. |
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FAD |
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Coenzyme of redox Sometimes used instead of NAD+ Accepts two electrons and H+ to make FADH2. |
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Glycolysis (4) |
Breakdown of glocose into 2x pyruvate. In cytoplasm. ATP formed. Doesn't use oxygen. |
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Preparatory Reaction (3) |
Both pyruvates oxidised, enter the mitochondria. Electron energy stored in NADH. Two carbons released as CO2. |
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Citric Acid Cycle (4) |
In matrix of mitochondria, produces NADH and FADH2. Releases four carbons as CO2. Turns twice per glucose (2x pyruvate) Produces two immediate ATPs per glucose. |
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Electron Transport Chain (3) |
Extracts energy from NADH and FADH2. Passes electrons from higher to lower energy. Produces 32 - 34 ATPs. |
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Two steps in glycolysis |
Energy Investment Energy Harvesting |
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Fermantation |
If oxygen is not available, this occurs as it in anaerobic. |
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Fermentation metabolises glucose into... |
Lactate OR CO2 and alcohol |
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Alcoholic Fermenation |
Carried out by yeasts Produces CO2 and ethyl alcohol |
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Lactic Acid Fermentation |
Carried out by certain bacteria and fungi, produces lactate. |
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Lactate used to produce... |
Cheese Yoghurt Saurkraut |
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Other bacteria produce chemicals anaerobically, like... |
Isopropanol Butyric Acid Proprionic Acid Acetic Acid |
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Advantage of Fermentation |
Provides quick burst of ATP for muscle activity. |
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Disadvantages of fermentation (3) |
Lactate and alcohol are poisonous to cells. Lactate changes pH and causes muscle fatigue (oxygen debt). Yeast die from alcohol it produces. |
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Efficiency of Fermatation |
Two ATP produced per glucose = 14.6kcal. Oxidation of glucose is 686kcal. 2 ATP produced compared to 36/38. |
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The Prep Cycle |
Pyruvate converted to a 2-carbon acetyl-group. Attached to coenzyme A to make acetyl-coA. Electrons picked up as H onto NAD+. CO2 released. |
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Citric Acid Cycle |
Acetyl-coA + oxaloacetate = 6C citric acid. NADH and FADH2 capture energy rich electrons. ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation. Produces 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 per glucose. (two turns per glucose - 1x each pyruvate) |
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ETC locations in eukaryotes and aerobic prokaryotes |
Eu - cristae of mitochondria Pr - plasma membrane |
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Cytochrome |
Protein with heam group with central iron atom |
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Chemiosmosis |
Flow of H+ through ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP + P |
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Degradative Reactions |
Catabolism - break down molecules, tend to be exergonic. |
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Synthetic Reactions |
Anabolism. Build molecules. Tend to be endergonic. |
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Fat breaks down into |
Glycerol and three fatty acids. |
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Amino acids break down into |
Carbon chains and amino groups |
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Deamination |
NH2 removed by the liver |
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Anabolism of carbohydrates |
Start with acetyl-coA Basically reverses glycolysis |
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Anabolism of fats |
G3P converted to glycerol. Acetyl groups connected in pairs to form fatty acids. |
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Anabolism of proteins |
Combination of 20 amino acids 11 can be synthesised, other 9 must be in diet (essential amino acids) |