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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When did the first plants appear on Earth?
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475 mya
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HOw long ago were plants abundant and diverse?
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375 mya
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How many plant species are existing today or have diversified?
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300,000
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What did plants evolve from? How do you know?
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charophyceans, there was homology and molecular evidence
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Are plants unicellular or multicellular? Are plants eukaryotic or prokaryotic? Are plants hetertroph or autotroph?How do they get food?
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multicellular, eukaryotic,
autotrophs, photosynthesis |
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What are the steps of signal tranduction?
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1.reception
2.signal transduction 3.response |
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What are hormones?
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chemical signals that coordinate the different parts of a multicellular organism.
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Describe a hormone and how it is produced.
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synthesized in one part of the body and transported to another where they act.
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How much is needed of a hormone to be effective?
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effective in minute amounts
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What kind of responses do hormones give off? As is do they give a varied amount of responses or particular ones.
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very specific ones
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What are the six classes of plant hormones?
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1.auxins, 2.cytokinins, 3.gibberellins, 4. brassinosteroids, 5.abscisic acid, 6.ethylene
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Describe the function of the hormones auxins.
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stimulate cell elongation and root growth
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Describe the function of the hormone cytokinins and where is it produced?
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act with auxins, not alone, stimulate cell division, produced in roots
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Where does the interaction of auxins and cytokinins take place?
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in controlling apical dominance and lateral branching
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Describe the function of the hormones gibberellins.
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stimulate growth in leaves & stems, stimulate development of fruit, end seed domancy (germination starts)
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Describe the function of the hormone brassinosteroids.
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very similar to auxins, induce cell elongation & division
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Describe the function of the hormone abscisic acid.
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slows (inhibits growth), helps to keep seeds dormant, prevents water loss during drought
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Describe the function and why it is of the hormone ethylene.
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produced in response to stress,helps deciduous trees lose leaves in autumn, induces the ripening of fruits
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If you had a wild type plant with a control, ethylene and ethylene synthesis inhibition how would the plant react.
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control-grow normal, ethlene-grow sideways, etyhlene sythesis inhib.-grow normal
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If there was a plant that is ethlene insensitive how would grow with a control, ethlene & ethylene s.i.
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control-normal, ethylene-normal, ethylene synthesis inhibition-normal
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If there was a ethylene overproduced plant how would it grow with a control, ethlene, and ethlene s.i.
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control-sideways growth, ethylene-sideways growth (same), ethlene synthesis inhibtion-normal
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If there was a plant with constiguent triple response how would it grow w/a control,ethlene, ethlene s.i?
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control-sideways growth, ethylene-sideways growth (same response) ethylene s.i.-same response (sideways)
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In what direction is water moving in a plant and what transports the water?
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xylem, upwards
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What do plant cells have to absorb before they can move from place to place?
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water and nutrients
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What is water potential?
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the effects of osmosis and physical pressure combined.
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Why is physical pressure unique to plants?
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because of their cell wall
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What helps to (decrease or increase) the rate of osmosis in plants and how?
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aquaporins, increase, through osmosis
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How does water and minerals get absorbed throught the roots?
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by either moving along the cell walls of adjacent cells, or form cell to cell through plasma membranes
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What is the casparian strip?
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allows plants to look up routes to bring in water and minerals going through selective permeable strip.
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What are the steps of absorption of water and minerals in the plants?
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1.absorbing water and minerals through roots,2. casparian strip, 3. xylem-water transport upward
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What is the second step in water and mineral absorption?
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casparian strip ensures that water and minerals have to go thru a selectively permeable membrane at some pt
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What is the third step in water and mineral absorption?
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the xylem vessels transport the water and minerals upward into the shoot system
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What is diffusion?
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molecules moving from and area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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What are stomata?
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plant "pores" that help control water loss-usually open during day,loses water during day but also gains CO2
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Are plants water dwelling or terrestrial? Do plants move about or are they sessile?
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they are terrestrial-land dwelling, sessile-stay put
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What is the life cycle of land plants? How does it work?
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alternation of generations, the multicellular gametophyte are haploid cells that form diploid zygotes sporophyte produce spores from diploid cells then produce gametophytes
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How do plants grow?
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sugars produced through photosynthesis, fuel for growth, stored as starch
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What are the cell walls of plants made of?
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cellulose
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What does the alternation of generations occur in and what does it not occur in?
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in land plants, it does not occur in charophyceans not land plant ancestors
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What is the apical meristem?
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localized regions of cell division at the tips of the shoot and roots
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What are gametophytes?
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roots, haploid, single set of chromosomes that form diploid zygotes
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What are sporophytes?
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multicellular spore-producing generation, diploid
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Where does meiosis occur and what happens?
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occurs in a mature sporophyte, produces haploid spores
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What are spores?
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reproductive cells that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another cell
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What does mitosis produce?
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a multicellular gametophyte
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What is the difference between plant life cycles and human life cycles?
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human life cycles have single celled haploids
plant life cycles are the alternation of generations, that have multicellular haploids and diploids |
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What is a cuticle?
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a waxy covering on surface of plant stems and leaves: prevents dessication
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What are stomata?
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microscopic ore surrrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of stems and leaves that allows gas exchange
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What is gametangia?
What is the male and female version names and describe. |
protective jacket of sterile cells that prevent gametes from dying out
female-acchegonium-1 egg male-antheridium-lots of sperm |
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What is gametangia? what does it help to do?
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production of gametes within multicellular organs, distinguishes early land plants from algal ancestry
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What are terrestrial plants also know as and what are they?
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embryophytes, multicellular embryos are dependent on adult plant
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What is the name for avascular plants? what kind are there?
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bryophytes,(mosses, liverworts, hornworts)
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What are the phylums for nonvascular plants and what type of plants are they?
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Phylum hepatophyta-liverworts
Phylum Bryophyta-mosses Phylum Antocerophyta-hornworts |
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What are the earliest types of plants, what made them unique?
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byrophytes (nonvascular plants), unique because of gametophytes dominate in life cycle
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What is the difference between vascular plants and avascular plants?
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vascular plants can be bigger, have discrete organs, sexual mechanism, and they have independent branched sporophyte
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What are the phylums for seedless vascular plants? and what kind of plants are they?
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Phylum Pterophyta-ferns and relatives
Phylum Lycophyta-(club mosses) |
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What is the significance of the life cycle in vascular plants?
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in vascular plants sporophytes dominate
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What are two types of vascular plants with seeds? and what makes them different to seedless vascular plants?
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Gymnosperms & angiosperms
-better offspring survival -seed dormancy -greater dispersal of offspring |
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What are seeds?
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embryo package with food (nutrients) supply in a protective coat
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What is pollen?
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immature male gametophyte; protects sperm from dying out, allowing for longer distance transport on land
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What are the gymnosperm phylums?
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Phylum Ginkgophyta
Phylum Cycadophyta, Phylum Gnetophyta, Phylum Coniferophyta |
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What are angiosperms? where do their seeds develop?
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80% fall plants: flowering plants and fruits, seeds develop inside chambers
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Describe a gymnosperm.
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it has a heavy waxy cuticle,retains leaves all year, "naked seeds", evolution of pollen & seeds
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What are gymnosperms?
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seed bearing vascular plants, cooler drier demates
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How did an evolution of seeds and pollen occur? What type of seeds did gymnosperms disperse?
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halced seeds, they evolved b/c of sperm dispersed by wind, gametophytes & embryo protected by sporphyte generation
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What are the characteristics or functions of the root system of a plant?
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used to anchor plant, H20 & mineral absorption, stores food (form of starch)
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What are the characteristics or functions of a shoot system of a plant?
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used for support, photosynthesis, storage of starches, and reproduction
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What is the difference between at simple and compound leaf?
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simple-petiole & axillary bud have only 1 leaflet/blade
compound-many leaflets on 1 axillary bud, many petioles |
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What are the parts of dermal tissue in a plant? and what makes them up?
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epidermis-parenchyma & guard cells
periderm-cork, and cork cambium cells |
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What makes up ground tissue?
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parenchyma tissue and cells,collenchyma tissue and cells, sclerenchyma tissue and cells
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Describe parenchyma tissue and cells.
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can divide and differentiate only primary wall
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Describe collenchyma tissue and cells.
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only primary thick wall, support young plants, can elongate
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Describe sclerenchyma tissue and cells.
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thick secondary walls, support in non-growing sections, rigid, usually dead
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What makes up vascular tissue?
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xylem, phloem
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Describe what makes up xylem and its function.
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tracheids, vessel elements, parenchyma, fibers
-moves H20 upwards in a plant |
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Describe what makes up phloem and its function
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sieve tubes, companion cells, parenchyma, fibers
-moves nutrients and minerals in plant |
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What kind of growth occurs in a plant?
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indeterminate growth-plant growth continues for as long as the plant in alive
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What are apical meristems?
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tissues consisting of dividing cells at the tip of the shoot or root
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What is the function of apical meristems?
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responsible for primary growth of plant (increase in length)
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What are lateral meristems? and what type of plant are they found in?
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tissues consisting of dividing cells in circular sheets throughout the length of shoots and roots, woody plants
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What is the function of lateral meristems and name specific types of plants they are found in?
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responsible for secondary growth, outward growth occurs, found in all gymnosperms, most dicots, and usually are in monocots
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What makes nutrients essential in plants?
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if it is required for a plant to complete a life cycle (micro and macro),and if it is hydrophobic culture
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What are the essential elements for micronutrients, what amount of these elements does the plant need? How many are there?
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8 elements, needs small amounts: Cl, Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Ni, Mo (missing one)
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What are the elements that are macronutrients and what amount does the plant need, how many are there?
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large amounts, 9 elements: C, O, H, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S
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What element has the greatest effect on plant growth?
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Nitrogen
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What are the parts of the shoot system?
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leaves and stem
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What is a simple leaf?
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a single unidivided blad and petiole
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