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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mitosis and its stages
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Cell division- interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, asexual reproduction, replacement, repair, growth, cell must have copies of chromosomes
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meiosis and its stages
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sexual reproduction 2 parents 2 divisions 4 cells (distinguished) half the number of chromosomes prophase 1- synapsis metaphase 1, anaphase 1,telophase 1, prophase 2 each cell has two chromosomes, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2
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gamete and somatic cells
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sex haploid and body diploid cells
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haploid and diploid
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1st set 23 chromosomes/ 2nd set 46 chromosomes
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chromosome
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rod like structures containing hereditary information
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homologous chromosome
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each pair of chromosome (identical)
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid- instructions to make protein, develop life
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nitrogenous base
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Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine and sometimes Uracil
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nucleotide
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one kind of unit of nitrogenous base 4 nucleotide= 4 bases
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hydrogen bond
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one of the structures of DNA that hold nitrogenous bases
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transcription
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MrNA copies the genetic code of DNA
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RNA
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Ribonucleic Acid
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mRNA
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messenger ribonucleicacid
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rRNA
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ribosomal ribonucleic acid
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tRNA
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transfer ribonucleicacid
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codon
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each group of 3 bases on MRNA
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ribosome
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the organelle in which protein synthesis occurs
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amino acid
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the structural unit of proteins
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translation
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info coded in RNA to make amino acids
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mutation
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change in structure of genetic material which is mostly harmful
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chromosomal mutation
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change in organism's chromosome material
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gene mutation
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change affects gene on a chromosome
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translocation mutation
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transfer of part of chromosome to non homologous chromosome
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inversion mutation
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chromosome is rotated
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addition mutation
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piece of chromosome breaks off and attaches to homologous chromosome
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deletion mutation
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when a piece of a chromosome breaks off; resulting in the loss of some genes
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non-disjunction mutation
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addition or loss of an entire chromosome
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polyploidy
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cells that have a multiple of one chromosome
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point mutation
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the only gene mutation/ when only a single nucleotide in a gene has been changed
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dominant
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RR, Rr, stronger
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recessive
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rr, weaker
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homozygous
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RR, rr same
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heterozygous
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Rr, rR different
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punnett square
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2 x 2 boxes, 2 letters
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di-hybrid cross
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4 x 4 boxes 4 letters
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cancer
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disease when cell division makes cells in one area too fast, that it forms a lump in that area
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atom
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the basic building block of life
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element
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one kind of an atom
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compounds
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2 or more kinds of atoms combined
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atomic number
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# of protons in an atom
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isotope
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different forms of the same element
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diffusion
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movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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osmosis
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diffusion of water through a
semi- permeable membrane something can partially go through |
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prokaryotic
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no nucleus, ex. bacteria
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eukaryotic
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true nucleus, can be broken down into animal and plant cell
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animal cell
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a eukaryotic cell with a nucleus, but no cell wall
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plant cell
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eukaryotic cell that has chloroplasts, a cell wall, and is rigid
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nucleus
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command center of the cell
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mitochondria
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power plant of the cell
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ribosomes
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organelle where DNA is made and where protein synthesis occurs
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endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
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rough- yes ribosomes
smooth- no ribosomes |
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cytoplasm
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holds the cell together ex. gelatin
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cell wall
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outer side of the cell (Plant cells only)
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cell membrane
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fence of the cell
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lipid bi-layer
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a border in the membrane/ two layers that contain hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic phosphate heads
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golgi apparatus
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delivery services of cell
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lysosome
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scrap yard of cell
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vacuole
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storage for the cell
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chloroplasts
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(plant cell) site of photosynthesis
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metric system
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Si units used by scientists all over the world mega- 1,000,000
kilo- 1,000 deci- 0.10 centi- 0.01 mili- 0.001 micro- 0.000001 nano- 0.000000001 |
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active transport
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transfer of materials across a cell membrane with expenditure of cellular energy
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passive transport
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transfer of material across a cell membrane with no expenditure of cellular energy
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semi- permeable membrane
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allows certain molecules (smaller) to diffuse across, but not all can (larger)
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