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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
GENETICS
|
the study of heredity
|
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HEREDITY
|
-the transferring of traits from parents to offspring
-"Mendelian genetics" |
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GREGOR
MENDEL 1856 |
-austrian monk/science
teacher who applied a new approach to heredity -in the 1860s he used pea plants to observe the traits of heredity -observed the traits of heredity -observed 7 different characteristics, and studied each individually |
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MENDEL'S
OBSERVATIONS |
-crossed different traits
in the parental (p) generation -results:all of the offspring in the first filial were alike, and resembled only one parent |
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INHERITED
CHARACTERISTICS |
controlled factors that
come in pairs |
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LAW OF
DOMINANCE |
-one factor in a pair may
dominate the other, so the other has no effect --dominant --recessive |
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DOMINANT
|
controlling factor
(represented by a capital letter) |
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RECESSIVE
|
hidden factor
(represented by a lower-case letter) |
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LAW OF
SEGREGATION |
during gamete formation,
a pair of factors is segregated or seperated |
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LAW OF
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT |
factors (genes) for different
traits are seperated and distributed to gametes independently of other genes |
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INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE |
neither factor dominates
for gene expression |
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GENE
|
the location of a
chromosome for a specific trait |
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ALLELE
|
physical characteristic
of a gene ex: height -tall -short |
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GENOTYPE
|
the combination of genes
in an organism ex: flower color -homozygous dominant(RR) -homozygous recessive(rr) -heterozygous |
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PHENOTYPE
|
the effects caused by
genes that determine physical appearance -based on genotype ex: red(RR,Rr), white(rr) |
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PROBABILITY
|
the prediction and
likelyhood that certain events will occur |
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PRODUCT RULE
|
the probability of a
series of events is the product of each individual event |
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ADDITION
RULE |
if an event can occur
in multiple ways add each individual property |
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MONOHYBRID
CROSSES |
-determining outcome
based on a single gene -each gene has more than one allele -offspring have a certain probability of phenotype based on their parents' genotypes |
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PUNNETT
SQUARE |
means of determining
various gene combination possibilities and probabilities |
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PUNNETT
SQUARE STEP 1 |
determine the symbols
to represent traits. write them on your paper. (T= tall; t= short) |
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PUNNETT SQUARE
STEP 2 |
determine the genotype
of the parents. write them down. |
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PUNNETT SQUARE
STEP 3 |
determine the possible
gametes from each parent. write them down. |
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PUNNETT SQUARE
STEP 4 |
set up and work cross
|
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PUNNETT SQUARE
STEP 5 |
re-read question and
clearly state the answer. |
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LAW OF
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT |
suggests that different,
segregated traits are independently assorted to offspring |
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DIHYBRID
CROSS |
a cross between two
parents that accounts for two different genes. -these genes seperate independently |
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GENE LINKAGE
|
-all genes on the same
chromosome are "linked" together -some are inherited together -ex: crossing over |
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SEX LINKAGE (THOMAS HUNT)
|
fly eyes
|
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FLY EYES 1
|
crossed a true red eyed
fly with a true white eyed fly. -results: all 4000 (first filial) offspring had red eyes |
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FLY EYES 2
|
crossed two of the offspring
(first filial) -results: 3000 red 1000 white |
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FLY EYES: OVERALL RESULTS
|
2000 red female
1000 red male 1000 white male 1000 white female |
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"X" LINKAGE
|
-a trait carried on the x
-males: xy -females:xx -genes for testosterone carried on the y -baldness is caused by a recessive trait (x linked) |
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MULTIPLE ALLELES
|
genes that have more than
two allele forms (traits) ex: human blood types |
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BLOOD TYPE
|
"A" is determined by the
absence of "A" or "B" proteins (antigens) found in red blood cells |
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BLOOD TYPE CONT.
|
each antigen has its own
antibody: a protein that reacts in foreign particles. |
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BLOOD TYPE CONT.
|
each A,B,O blood group
consists of two alleles |