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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
where are roots found
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found at the base of the stem
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roots purpose
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anchoring plants
absorbing minerals and water storing organic nutrients |
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taproot
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one main vertical root that gives rise to lateral roots or branch roots
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list 5 root modifications
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pneumatophores
aerial prop buttress storage |
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what is a stem
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alternating system of nodes and internodes
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node
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points at which leaves are attached
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axillary bud
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structure that has potential to form lateral shoots or branches
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apical bud (terminal bud)
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located near shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot
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apical dominance
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helps maintain dormancy in non-apical buds
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list 4 stem modifications
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rhizomes
bud runners (stolons) tubers |
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leaves are...
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the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants
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leaves consist of a flattened ____ and a stalk called the ____.
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blade, petiole
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petiole
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joins the leaf to the stem
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types of leaves
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simple leaf
compound leaf doubly compound leaf |
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name 5 leaf modifications
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tendrils
spines storage reproductive bracts |
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tissue system
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dermal, vascular and ground tissues
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in non-woody plants, dermal tissue system is called...
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epidermis
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in woody plants, what replaces the epidermis
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periderm
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cuticle
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waxy coating that prevents water loss in leaves
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inflorescence
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group of flowers
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trichomes
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hair like outgrowths of the shoot epidermis that helps with insect defense
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the xylem and phloem are called...
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stele
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pith
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ground tissue internal to the vascular system
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cortex
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ground tissue external to the vascular system
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5 major plant cells
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parenchyma
collenchyma sclerenchyma water-conducting xylem sugar-conducting phloem |
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indeterminate growth
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plants that grow without stopping for their whole lives
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determinate growth
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plants that grow to a certain point and stop growth
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annuals
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plants that complete their life cycle in a year
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biennials
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plants that grow in 2 seasons
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perennials
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plants that grow for many years
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lateral meristem
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adds thickness to woody plants
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secondary growth
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process of adding thickness to woody plants
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name 2 lateral meristems
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vascular cambium
cork cambium |
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vascular cambium
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adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem
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cork cambium
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replaces the epidermis
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endodermis
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innermost layer of the cortex
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the pith can sometimes be replaced with the...
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parenchyma
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leaf primordia
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adds girth (thickness) to the stem and roots in woody plants
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translocation
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ability of the phloem to travel both ways
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phyllotaxy
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arrangement of leaves on a stem
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coattail
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co-transport of a neutral solute with H+ couple diffusion
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osmosis
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diffusion of water
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water potential
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measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure
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how does water potential work
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water flows from regions of high water potential to low water potential
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what does water potential do
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determines the direction of movement of water
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solute potential (osmotic potential)
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proportional to the number of dissolved molecules
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pressure potential
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the physical pressure on a solution
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turgor pressure
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pressure exerted by plasma membrane. loss of turgor pressure causes wilting
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3 major routes of passage
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symplastic route
apoplastic route transmembrane route |
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symplastic route
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flow through the plasmodesmata
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apoplastic route
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flow through cell wall
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transmembrane route
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flows through the apoplastic and symplastic route
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bulk flow
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movement of fluid driven by pressure; efficient for long-distance transport of fluid. Water and solutes move through tracheids and vessel elements of xylem, and sieve-tube elements of phloem
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endodermis
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innermost layer of cells in root cortex and surrounds the vascular cylinder and is the last checkpoint for selective transport
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casparian strip
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waxy substance of endodermal wall
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the casparian strip is made of...
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suberin; acts as a block
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transpiration
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evaporation of water from a plants surface
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how does transpiration work
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water is replaced by bulk flow of water and minerals in the xylem sap, from steles of roots to stems and leaves
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guttation
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allows water to exit leaves resulting in water droplets on tips of leaves: dew
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cohesion and adhesion
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cohesion of water molecules to each other and adhesion of water molecules to cell walls
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stomata opening stimulated by...
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sunlight
CO2 depletion biological clocks/circadian rhythm |
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circadian rhythm
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24-hour cycle of plants
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xerophytes
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plants that are adapted to arid climates: CAM plants
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translocation
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products of photosynthesis are transported
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phloem sap
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aqueous solution that is high in sucrose and travels from source to sugar sink
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sugar sink
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sugar storage part of plants
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loams
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most fertile topsoils that contain equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay
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topsoil
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consists of mineral particles, humus, and living organisms
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humus
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decaying organic material that provides soil with organic matter
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humus' job
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build crumbly soil that retains water but is still porous.
increases soil capacity to exchange cations |
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sustainable agriculture
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use farming methods that are conservation-minded, environmentally safe, and profitable
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aquifers
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reserves that provide us with our primary source of irrigation water that is underground
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subsidence
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depletion of aquifers and causes settling or sinking of the land
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salinization
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concentration of salts in soil as water evaporates
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method for protection against salinization
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drip irrigation
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fertilization
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replaces mineral nutrients that have been lost from the soil
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main ingredients in commercial fertilizers
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nitrogen
potassium phosphorous |
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farming methods
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terracing
contour no-till strip farming |
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phytoremediation
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technology that reclaims contaminated areas in plants
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essential element/nutrient
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a chemical element needed to complete its life cycle
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hydroponic culture
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determines which chemical elements are essential
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9 macronutrients
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carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, sulfur
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8 micronutrients
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chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, molybdenum
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nitrogen fixation
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conversion of nitrogen from N2 to NH3
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rhizobium
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along a legume's roots are swellings called nodules
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nodules
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composed of plant cells "infected" by nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria
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rhizobium bacteria
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assume a form called bacteroids which are contained within vesicles formed by the root cell
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crop rotation
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takes advantage of agricultural benefits of symbiotic nitrogen fixation
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2 types of mycorrhizae
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ectomycorrhizae
endomycorrhizae |
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epiphyte
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plant that grows on another plant
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parasitic plants
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absorb sugars and minerals from their living host plant: mistletoe (photosynthetic parasite)
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carnivorous plants
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eat insects: venus fly trap.
pitcher plant (nepenthes). sun dew |
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where do plants obtain CO2
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air
water minerals in soil (upper layers of soil) |
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name the soil particles from largest to smallest
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1 sand
2 silt 3 clay |
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topsoil
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consists of mineral particles, living organisms, and humus
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humus
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decaying organic material that builds crumbly soil that retains water but is still porous. Increases soil capacity to exchange cations and serves as reservoir of mineral nutrients
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loams
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most fertile topsoils
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sustainable agriculture
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use farming methods that are conservation minded, environmentally safe and profitable
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ways to reduce erosion
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terracing
no-till agriculture trees=windbreaks contour |
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soil compaction
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slows gas exchange and reduces root growth
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phytoremediation
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reclaims contaminated areas of plants
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essential nutrient
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element required for a plant to complete its life cycle
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rhizosphere
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layer of soil bound to the plant's roots. Has high microbial activity because of sugars, amino acids, and organic acids secreted by roots
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rhizobacteria
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produce hormones-plant growth
produce antibiotics-prevent disease absorb toxic metals or make nutrients more available to roots |
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nitrogen cycle
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transfers nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds. soil nitrogen comes from soil bacteria
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rhizobium
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assume a form called bacteroid and they compose the nodules which are swellings on legume's roots
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crop rotation
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takes advantage of agricultural benefits of symbiotic nitrogen fixation
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mycorrhizae
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endomycorrhizae
ectomycorrhizae |
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endomycorrhizae
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microscopic fungal hyphae that extends into root
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ectomycorrhizae
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mycelium of fungus forms a dense sheath over surface of root
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osmosis
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determines net uptake or water loss by a cell and is affected by solute concentration and pressure
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water potential
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water potential= 0 mPa
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aquaporins
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transport proteins in a cell membrane that allow passage of water
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symplast
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cytoplasmic continuum
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plasmodesmata
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connects cytoplasm of neighboring cells
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apoplast
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contiuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces
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sugar source
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organ that is a net producer of sugar such as mature leaves. can also be a sugar sink
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sugar sink
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organ that is a net storer or consumer of sugar, such as tubers or bulbs.
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phloem sap
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high in sucrose that travels from sugar source to sugar sink
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flowers consist of what 4 floral organs
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sepal
petal stamen carpel |
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complete flowers
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have all 4 flower organs
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incomplete flowers
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lack one or more of the 4 floral organs
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receptacle
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part where flower attaches to stem
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which 2 of 4 flower organs are reproductive
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stamen
carpel |
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which 2 of 4 flower organs are sterile
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sepals
petals |
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pistel
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single carpel or group of fused carpels
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microsporangia
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male parts that contain the microsporocytes (microspore mother cells)
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microspores
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give rise to male gametophytes
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male gametophyte has 2 cells... what are they
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generative cell
tube cell |
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male gametophytes and the spore wall make...
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pollen grain
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pollen tube
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produced by the tube cell. delivers sperm to female gametophyte
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female gametophyte is also known as...
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embryo sac
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calyx
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floral formula [KCAG]
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monoecious plants
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have both male and female flower parts
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rose hip is called...
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hypanthium
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ovules are called...
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megasporangium
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megasporangium
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female gametophytes are formed here
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integuments
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surround megasporangium of each ovule then the megasporocytes are formed and go through meiosis and 4 megaspores are formed, but in the end only 1 survives.
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pollination
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transfer of pollen from anther to a stigma by wind, water, or animals
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generative cell
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nucleus divides by mitosis and forms 2 sperm
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2 sperm formed by generative cell
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one forms zygote with egg in ovary with ovule and the other combines with 2 polar nuclei to form triploid (3n) nucleus in center of large central cell of female gametophyte --> endosperm
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endosperm
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food storing tissue of seed
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double fertilization
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union of 2 sperm cells that ensures endosperm develops only in the ovule
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dormancy
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stopping growth and ceasing of metabolism
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seed coat
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formed by the integuments and are protective of embryo and its food
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hypocotyl
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embryonic axis that terminates in the radicle
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radicle is also known as...
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embryonic root
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epicotyl
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point where embryonic axis and cotyledons attach
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plumule
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epicotyl, young leaves, shoot apical meristem
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coleoptile
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protects the embryo of grass seed. its protective sheathes covers young shoot
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coleorhiza
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part of coleoptile that covers young root
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germination depends on...
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imbibition
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imbibition
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uptake of water due to low water potential of dry seed
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fruit
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protects enclosed seeds
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simple fruit
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single carpel such as pea flower
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aggregate fruit
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single flower such as a rasberry
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multiple fruit
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develops from inflorescence such as pineapple
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accessory fruits
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ex: apple
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asexual reproduction
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offspring are derived from a single parent without genetic recombination
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fragmentation
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separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants. it is the most common asexual reproductive method
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vegetative reproduction
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asexual reproduction in plants
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dioecious plants
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cannot self fertilize because of staminate and carpellate flowers
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staminate flowers
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lack carpel
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carpellate flowers
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lack stamen
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callus
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undifferentiated cells at cut end of shoot
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grafting
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make it possible to combine the best qualities of different species or varieties into a single plant
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pollination
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can be transferred by wind, water, bee, moth, butterfly, fly, bird, or bat
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etiolation
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plants ability to grow in the dark
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de-etiolation
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after being in the dark and shown light, plants and shoots ability to start to grow normally
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3 stages to cell-signal processing
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reception
transduction response |
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reception
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internal and external signals are detected by receptors
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receptors
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proteins that change-->stimuli
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transduction
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second messengers transfer and amplify signals from receptors to proteins that cause responses
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response
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signal transduction pathway leads to regulation of one or more cellular activities
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transcriptional regulation
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specific transcription factors bind directly to specific regions of DNA and control transcription of genes
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positive transcription factors
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proteins that increase transcription of specific genes
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negative transcription factors
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proteins that decrease transcription of specific genes
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hormones
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chemical signals that coordinate different parts of an organism
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tropism
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any response resulting in curvature or organs toward or away from stimulus
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phototropism
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plant's response to light
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auxin
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involved in root formation and branching and is any chemical that promotes elongation of coleoptiles
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proton pump
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stimulated by auxin in plasma membrane and lowers pH in cell walls which activates the expansins
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expansins
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enzymes that loosen wall's fabric, and after loosening, the cell elongates
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cytokinins
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stimulates cytokinesis. cytokinins is produced in actively growing tissues such as roots, embryo's, and fruits. it works together with auxin to control cell division and differentiation
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cytokinesis
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cell division
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gibberellins
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stem elongation, fruit growth, seed germination
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brassinosteroids
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similar to animal sex hormones. it induces cell elongation and division in stem integuments
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seed dormancy
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germinates in optimal conditions. dormancy is broken by heavy rain, light, or cold. and it induces expression of certain genes
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drought tolerance
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enables plants to withstand droughts
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Peter Boysen-Jenson
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in 1913 he demonstrated that the signal was a mobile chemical substance
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Frits Went
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in 1926, he extracted the chemical messenger for phototropism, auxin, by modifying earlier experiments
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2 effects of abscisic acid (ABA)
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seed dormancy
drought tolerance |
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triple response
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induced by ethylene.
slow stem elongation thickening stem horizontal growth |
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senescence
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programmed death of plant cells or organs
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ethylene
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produced by plants in response to stress such as drought, flooding, mechanical pressure, injury, and infection
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leaf abscission
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change in balance of auxin and ethylene: its the process in autumn when leaves fall from trees
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apoptosis
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stimulated when ethylene bursts. It is the programmed destruction of cells, organs, or whole plants
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fruit ripening
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burst of ethylene production in fruit triggers the ripening process
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abscission layer
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change in ratio of ethylene to auxin
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photomorphogenesis
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effects of light on plant morphology
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action spectrum
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depicts the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process
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blue-light photoreceptors
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one of major light receptors along with phytochromes
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phytochromes
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red light receptor
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circadian rhythms
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internal clock that depends on synthesis of a protein regulated through feedback control and may be common to all eukaryotes. 24-hour clock for plants
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thigmomorphogenesis
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plants response to touch. growth response to touch
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phytochrome parts
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2 identical subunits
chromophore photoreceptor activity kinase activity |