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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the upper chambers of the heart called? |
Atrium
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What are the lower chambers of the heart called? |
Ventricles |
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What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called? |
Arteries |
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What are blood vessels that carry the flow of blood to the heart called? |
Veins |
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What is the exception to the rule "veins carry deoxygenated blood"? |
Pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein; carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood from lungs to heart, respectively. |
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Through which area does oxygenated blood leave the heart from the left ventricle? |
Aorta |
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Which heart component returns deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium? |
Vena cava |
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This mass of nervous tissue causes simultaneous contractions of the left and right atria at about 70-80 BMP. |
Sinoatrial Node (SA) node |
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This mass of nervous tissue lies near the right atrium and it passes electrical impulses from the atria to the walls of the ventricles, causing simultaneous ventricular contractions. |
Atrioventricular node (AV) node |
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This is the phase of the heartbeat where the heart contracts, pumping blood from the chambers to the vessels. |
Systole |
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This is the phase of the heartbeat when the muscles relax and chambers fill with blood. |
Diastole |
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Indicate each stage of a heartbeat wave as seen in an ECG with its corresponding letter. |
Atrial Excitation - P Atrial Systole - Q Artial Diastole - R Ventricular Excitation - S Ventricular Systole - T Ventricular Diastole - U |
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This is the most common type of heart disease, also called atherosclerosis. It occurs when plaque builds up in the inner walls of the coronary artery. |
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) |
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This is defined as deficient oxygenated blood flow to an organ. |
Ischemia |
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This is the most common symptom of cardiac ischemia, causing chest pain and discomfort when the heart does not receive enough oxygenated blood |
Angina |
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This describes the variety of progressive conditions resulting from acute cardiac ischemia, including unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. |
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) |
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This is also referred to as a heart attack; defined as the death or necrosis of myocardial cells due to prolonged ischemia. |
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) |
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The cardiac biomarkers uses to diagnose and monitor acute coronary syndrome (ACS): |
Troponin, CK-MB mass, and Myoglobin |
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What is the preferred cardiac biomarker for the diagnosis of MI? |
Troponin |
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Oxygenated blood and nutrients are delivered to the cardiac tissue via what? |
Coronary arteries |
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Waves of electrical signals show a different phase of the heartbeat. What is the display of electrical activity produced by the heart called? |
Electrocardiogram (ECG) |
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Which of the following terms describes deficient blood flow to an organ due to lack of oxygenated blood? |
Ischemia |
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What is used as criteria for the diagnosis of an acute myocardial infarction? |
ECG changes, elevation of cardiac biomarkers, ischemia symptoms |
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Which of the following is sometimes used in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction? |
CK-MB |
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Which of the following is the biomarker used to diagnose and evaluate heart failure and prognosis? |
B-type natriuretc peptide |
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Which of the following biomarkers has the highest specificity for injury to cardiac tissue? |
Troponin I and T |
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True or False: The Framingham score is the best validated model for predicting cardiac disease risk. |
True |
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Upon onset of acute myocardial infarction symptoms, how many hours after injury to cardiac muscle will myoglobin blood levels rise? |
1-4 hours |
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What is the reference range for blood plasma pH? |
7.4 (7.35-7.45) |
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What is the equation to calculate pH if you only know hydrogen concentration? |
-log [H] |
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This refers to an increase in H+ concentration that results in pH decrease |
AcidosisT |
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This refers to a decrease in H+ concentration that results in pH increase |
Alkalosis |
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What bodily system of the blood has a buffering effect? |
Hemoglobin system |
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What two organs play a major role in regulating blood pH? |
Lungs and Kidneys |
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What is the Henderson-Hasslebalch equation with regards to kindney/lung relationship? |
pH= pK1 + log (cHCO3-/0.031*PCO2) |
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What substance in the Henderson-Hasslebalch equation denotes kidney function? Lung function? |
-HCO3- denotes kidney function -pCO2/H2CO3 denotes lung function |
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How do the lungs regulate pH? |
Retention and elimination of CO2 by changing the rate and volume of ventilation (eg. hyperventilation) |
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How do the kidneys regulate pH? |
By excreting acid, primarily ammonium ions, and reclaiming HCO3 from glomerular filtrate |
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Identify which organs are associated with the respiratory/metabolic portions of the acid/base balance. |
Lungs - respiratory Kidneys - Metabolic |
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What is the value of pK? |
6.1 |
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What is the ideal ratio in a healthy person when the lungs and kidneys are functioning properly and what is the resulting pH? |
20:1 bicarbonate to carbonic acid; 7.40 |
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What is the reference range for PCO2 and HCO3- |
PCO2 - 35-45 HCO3- - 22-26 |
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Describe the pH, HCO3-, and PCO2 for Primary Metabolic Acidosis. |
-pH: low -HCO3-: low -PCO2: normal |
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Describe the pH, HCO3-, and PCO2 for Primary Respiratory Acidosis. |
-pH: low -HCO3: normal -PCO2: high |
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How many oxygen molecules can bind to one hemoglobin molecule? |
4 |
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What are the four forms of hemoglobin? |
-Oxyhemoglobin -Deoxyhemoglobin -Carboxyhemoglobin -Methemoglobin |
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Describe the pH, HCO3-, and PCO2 for Acute Respiratory Acidosis. |
pH: low pCO2: high HCO3: normal |
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Describe the pH, HCO3-, and PCO2 for Partially Compensated Respiratory Acidosis. |
pH: low pCO2: high HCO3: high |
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Describe the pH, HCO3-, and PCO2 for Fully Compensated Respiratory Acidosis |
pH: Normal pCO2: high HCO3: high |
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Describe the pH, HCO3-, and PCO2 for Acute Respiratory Alkalosis |
pH: high pCO2: low HCO3: normal |
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Describe the pH, HCO3-, and PCO2 for Partially Compensated Respiratory Acidosis. |
pH: high pCO2: low HCO3: low |
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Describe the pH, HCO3-, and PCO2 for Fully Compensated Respiratory Alkalosis |
pH: normal pCO2: low HCO3: low |
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Describe the pH, HCO3-, and PCO2 for Partially Compensated Metabolic Acidosis. |
pH: low pCO2: low HCO3: low |
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Describe the pH, HCO3-, and PCO2 for fully Compensated Metabolic Acidosis. |
pH: Normal pCO2: low HCO3: low |
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Describe the pH, HCO3-, and PCO2 for Partially Compensated Metabolic Alkalosis |
pH: high pCO2: high HCO3: high |
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Describe the pH, HCO3-, and PCO2 for Fully Compensated Metabolic Alkalosis |
pH: normal pCO2: high HCO3: high |
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This organ is the largest. It is versatile and consists of two lobes. |
Liver |
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These carry blood to and from the liver |
Hepatic artery and portal vein |
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This is the structural unit of the liver, composed of cords of liver cells called hepatocytes that surround a central vein. |
Lobule |
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Between the cords of hepatocytes, there are vascular spaces called _____ that are lined with endothelial cells and Kupffer cells (phagocytic macrophages) |
Sinusoids |
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This is the major function of the liver |
Bile excretion |
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This is the pigment that is the result of hemoglobin being broken down. |
Bilirubin |
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What is the purpose of bile? |
Digestion, absorption of lipids in the duodenum |
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What are the three types of jaundice? |
Prehepatic (increase in unconjugated bilirubin but no bilirubin in urine), hepatic (uptake, conjugation, secretion of bilirubin that impairs liver cells), post hepatic (mechanical obstruction of bile flow to intestines) |
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This is a syndrome that is the result of impairment in the cellular uptake of bilirubin. |
Gilbert's Syndrome |
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This syndrome results from the enzyme deficiency in conjugating bilirubin |
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome |
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These syndromes affect the excretion of conjugated bilirubin by the liver cells. |
Dubin Johnson and Rotor's Syndromes |
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What does the liver synthesize? |
Proteins, carbs, lipids |
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Which proteins does the liver synthesize? |
Albumin, alpha and beta globulins, clotting factors except VIII |
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This is the irreversible scarring of liver tissue caused by alcohol abuse, hemochromatosis, and an autoimmune disorder |
Cirrhosis |
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This syndrome occurs in children. It has an unknown cause and follows a viral infection that causes neurological abnormalities. It seems to be related to aspirin therapies. |
Reye's Syndrome |
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What is the enzyme used to diagnose bone and liver disease? |
ALP (alkaline phosphatase) |
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What enzymes are used to assess hepatocellular damage? |
AST (found in all tissues) and ALT (found primarily in the liver) |
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This is the inflammation of the liver and it has many causes. |
Hepatitis |
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This type of Hepatitis is caused by contaminated food or water. Many people have antibodies without infection. Usually not life threatening. |
Hepatitis A |
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This is contracted from parental, perinatal, or sexual contact and it is a blood borne infection. 2/3 are asymptomatic or have mild flu-like illness. 1/3 develop hepatitis syndrome (malaise, irregular fevers, right upper quadrant tenderness, jaundice, dark urine). 90% of patients recover within 6 months. |
Hepatitis B |
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This type of hepatitis is an RNA virus that is blood borne. It has a high rate of progression to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and carcinoma. |
Hepatitis C |
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This type of hepatitis is only found in patients with Hepatitis B. It's an RNA virus that uses hepatitis B for replication. |
Hepatitis D |
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This type of hepatitis is contracted through the fecal/oral route. It's found in underdeveloped countries and is generally a mild disease. |
Hepatitis E |
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This organ is involved in the digestive process and is located outside of the GI tract. It's composed of endocrine and exocrine portions. |
Pancreas |
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What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas? |
Production of insulin and glucagon |
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What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas? |
Production of digestion enzymes |
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What is the endocrine component of the pancreas and what is its function? |
Islets of Lagerhans- secrets insulin, glucagon, gastrin and somatostatin |
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What is the exocrine component of the pancreas and what is its function? |
Acinar Cells - line pancreas connected by ducts that produce digestive enzymes |
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This pancreatic disease is an inherited autosomal recessive disease characterized by the dysfunction of mucous and exocrine glands. Mucous plugs block lumen of the bowel, leading to obstruction. |
T
Cystic Fibrosis |
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This pancreatic disease is very painful and very common. If the bile duct is obstructed, the signs are prevalent and digestive problems occur. |
Pancreatic carcinoma |
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This pancreatic carcinoma complication can affect the endocrine capacity of the pancreas. |
Islet Cell Tumors |
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This pancreatic carcinoma complication can affect gastrin production. It's also called Zollinger Ellison Syndrome |
Alpha Cell Tumors |
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This refers to the inflammation of the pancreas caused by autodigestion. It's often associated with alcohol abuse or billary tract disease. |
Pancreatitis |
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This serum enzyme is most often used to detect pancreatic disease. It reaches its peak at 24 hours and returns to normal in 3-5 days. |
Amylase |
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This pancreatic enzyme is more difficult to measure, but it stays increased at the same time as amylase, but is elevated longer than amylase. |
Lipase |
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This cardioactive drug is toxic to many organs in excess, causing nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, and adverse cardiac effects. It's used to treat Congestive Heart Failure. |
Digoxin |
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This cardioactive drug is used to treat arhythmia and is given through an IV. It's used also to prevent ventricular fibrillation. Toxicity can cause central nervous system issues, seizures, severe blood pressure, etc. |
Lidocaine |
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This cardioactive drug is used to treat cardiac arrhythmias and is given orally. Toxicity can include nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort. |
Quinidine |
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This group of antibiotics are used to treat gram negative bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics. |
Aminoglycosides |
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This antibiotic is effective against gram positive cocci and bacilli and is administered by IV. |
Vancomycin |
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This antiepileptic drug is a slow acting barbituate used to control seuzires. |
Phenobartital |
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This antiepileptic drug is used to treat seizures but high or low levels can cause seizures. |
Phenytoin |
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This antiepileptic drug is used to treat petit mal seizures. Toxicity causes nausea, weight gain, pancreatitis, etc. |
Valproic acid |
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This psychoactive drug is used to treat manic depression. Toxicity can result in muscle rigidity, seizures, and coma. |
Lithium |
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This bronchodilator is used to treat asthma. |
Theophylline |
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These substances are intentionally added to the environment to harm an undesirable life form. These substances can harm through food contamination. Can cause death and man diseases. |
Pesticides |
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Aspirin is a common type of analgesic and this; used to decrease prostaglandin and can cause lots of toxic effects such as the inhibition of the krebs cycle, metabolic acidosis, hyperventilation |
Salicylates |
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This is a common analgesic drug and overdose is associated with severe hepatotoxicity. |
Acetaminophin |
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These are therapeutic drugs used for narcolepsy and ADD. Stimulants with high abuse potential. |
Amphetamines |
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These are a group of compounds related chemically to male sex hormone testosterone. Can increase muscle mass and improve athletic performance. |
Anabolic steroids |
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This is a group of psychoactive compounds found in marijuana. THC is the most potent and abundant. |
Cannabinoids |
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This is an effective local anesthetic with few adverse effects at therapeutic concentrations. At high concentrations, can cause excitement and euphoria with high abuse potential. |
Cocaine |
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This is a class of substances capable of analgesia, sedation, and anesthesia; high abuse potential. Includes heroin. |
Opiates |
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Illicit drug with stimulant, depressant, anesthetic and hallucinogenic properties; high abuse potential |
Phencyclidine |
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These are tranquilizers and CNS depressants. Wide range of therapeutic roles and are commonly used. Barbituates and benzodiazepines are most common. |
Sedative/hypnotics |
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This is a metabolite of procainamide. |
NAPA |
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This drug is used to treat asthma |
Theophylline |
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This is the distance a drug moves in TLC divided by the distance of the solvent front. |
Retention Factor |
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This drug is particularly toxic to the liver. |
Acetaminophen |
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This analyte can deteriorate if exposed to light |
Bilirubin |
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Bilirubin is a breakdown product of this component |
Hemoglobin |
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The protein that is responsible for the transportation of bilirubin |
Albumin |
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A disease in which only the unconjugated portion of bilirubin is increased |
Hemolytic or prehaptic jaundice |
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This organ is responsible for the conjugation of bilirubin |
Liver |
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This is when a trough level should be drawn |
Shortly before the next drug administration |
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This is the number of half-lives required to reach steady state. |
Five |
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This is the most commonly used confirmatory method for identification of drugs of abuse. |
GC with mass spectrometry |
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This is the primary product of methanol metabolism by ADH and ALDH |
Formic Acid |
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This drug of abuse has the highest prevalence |
Alcohol |
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This disease state is associated with increased pH and decreased CO2 |
Respiratory alkalosis |
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This disease state is associated with decreased pH and a decreased HCO3 |
Metabolic acidosis |
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This is the reference range for arterial pH |
7.35-7.45 |
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This is the normal ratio of bicarbonate to dissolved carbon dioxide in arterial blood |
20:1 |