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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Central Nervous System
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brain & spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous system
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nerves from brain/spinal cord & muscles, glands, & sense organs. consists of two divisions: autonomic system & somatic system
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Autonomic nervous system
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consists of two divisions: sympathetic (emergency) and parasympathetic (rest & digest)
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somatic nervous system
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controls skeletal muscle
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oligodendrocytes
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form myelin on CN axons. one oligodendrocyte may branch to as many as 40 axons
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Schwann cell
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represent the PNS glial cells; part of the PNS; form myelnin on peripheral neuronal axons; one schwann cell to one axon.
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axon transport
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movement in order to maintain structure/function of cell axon, organelles & materials. must be moved as much as one meter from cell body, whhere they are made to axon & its terminals
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linking proteins
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travel along microtubule (rail) & act as motors. made up of two: kinesins & dyneins
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kinesins
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anterograde, move toward axon termianl
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dyneins
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retrograde, move toward neuron cell body
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interneurons
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serve as signal-chargers or gatekeepers; only in central nervous system; communication between afferent and efferent neurons
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synapse
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anatomically specialized junction between 2 neurons where one neuron alters the electrical & chemical actiity of another
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glial cells
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make up 90% of cells in CNS; 3 types: oligodendrocytes, astroglia, microglia
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astroglia
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help reguglate teh extracellular fluid composition, sustain the neurons metabolically (providign glucose, removing ammonia), form blood-brain barrier, serve as guides for developing neurons
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microglia
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provide immune functions
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cell adhesion molecules & neurotropic factors
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important for axon growth
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equilibrium potentials
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deal w/ relationship between membrane potential & concentration gradient.
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nernst equation
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describes equilibrium potential for any ion species; its the electrical potential necessary to balance a given ionic concentration gradient across a membrane so that net flux equals zero.
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goldman equation
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expanded version of nernst equation; takes into account of individual ion permeability
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synaptotagmin
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specific protein in axon termianl that Ca binds to
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receptor desensitization
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only in some systems, a receptor responds once & then temporarily fails to respond despite the continued presence of teh receptor's neurotransmitter
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Axo-axonal communications
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is "communication" between a presynaptic axon & another axon; modifies classical synaptic communication
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neuromodulators
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messengers that elicit complex responses that cannot be simply described as EPSPs or IPSPs. they often modify the postsynaptic cell's response to specific neurotransmitters, amplifying or dampening the effectiveness of ongoin synaptic activity. they may also change the presynaptic cell's synthesis, release, reuptake, or metabolism of a transmitter.
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sensory system
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part of NS that consists of sensory receptor cells that receive stimuli from the external ro internal environment, the neural pathways that conduct info from receptors to the brain & spinal cord
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sensory information
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regardless of whether the info reaches consciousness
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sensation
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if info reaches the consciousness
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perception
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a person's understanding of the sensation meaning
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sensory receptors
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either specialized endings of afferent neurons or separate cells that temselves signal teh afferent neurons by the release of chemical messengers.
*change different energy forms (sound, light) into graded potentials that can initiate action potentials, which travel into the central nervous system |
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stimulus
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energy that impinges upon & activates a sensory receptor
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stimulus transduction
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process y which a stimulus is transformed into an electrical response
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adequate stimulus
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tpe of energy to which a particular receptor responds in normal functioning. many types of sensory receptors, each of which responds much more readily to one form of energy than to others.
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adaptation
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is a decrease in receptor sensitivity, which result in a decrease in frequency of action potentials in an afferent neuron despite that the stimulus strength does not change. this helps prevent sensory overload.
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sensory coding
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conversion of receptor potentials ito a pattern of action potentials that conveys relevant sensory information to the CNS
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sensory unit
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consists of a single afferent neuron w/ all its receptor endings
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receptive field
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the portion of the body that when stimulated, leads to activity in apartiular afferent neuron
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rapidly adapting receptors
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at the onset of prolonged stimulation, fire a burst of action potentials followed by very slow firing or none at all. these receptors are good for detecting rapidly changing stimuli such as vibration
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slowly adapting receptors
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fire as long as timulation continues. they report maintained or slowly changing events like posture or pressure.
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specific ascending pathways
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pathways that carry informaiton about single types of stimuli
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nonspecific ascending pathways
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eurons in this passways are activated by sensory units of several general information.
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somatic sensation
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sensation from teh skin, muscles, bones, tendons, & joints; it is initiated by a variety of specialized somatic receptors
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