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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How do you convert z scores to x (raw) scores? |
raw score = mean + (z score)(standard deviation) |
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How do you convert x (raw) scores to z scores? |
z score = raw score - mean / standard deviation |
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What are the probabilities associated with z score = 1, 2, 3? |
68%, 95%, 99.7% |
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What is central tendency, dispersion, and shape, and what do they have to do with distributions? |
CT = mean, median, mode, DISPERSION = variance, SD, range, SHAPE = |
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What is the formula for standard deviation and variance, in regard to samples and population? |
S = Square root ( slkjt ) |
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As n goes up, variability goes..? |
Down |
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Why are larger samples preferable to smaller samples? (Law of Large Numbers) |
Flaws in observation are overlooked in larger samples and results may be obtained faster and more accurately |
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The mean, median and mode in positively skewed distribution: |
Mean > Median > Mode |
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The mean, median, and mode in negatively skewed distribution: |
Mean < Median < Mode |
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Describe the characteristics of a normal curve. |
Possess clear central tendency, have only one peak, exhibit tapering tails, be symmetric around the mean, bell-shaped |
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Describe the five major objectives of using research in business. |
1. exploration, 2. description, 3. explanation, 4. prediction, 5. influence |
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Describe the three measures of central tendency. |
Mean, median, mode |
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How do box plots use medians, quartiles, maximum, and minimum scores? |
Plots min, max, and first three quartiles |
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Describe the empirical approach to probability. |
Poop |
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Describe the classical approach to probability. |
Poop |
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Describe the subjective approach to probability. |
Poop |
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What is the "mean deviation"? |
It uses the absolute values of the deviation scores. |
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How can standard deviation by estimated? |
Range/6 |
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What are "not unusual", "unusual", "outliers", and "extreme outliers" scores? |
Z is less than 2, Z is between 2 and 3, Z is between 3 and 4, Z is 4 and above |
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Describe the Central Limit Theorem (three propositions). |
P.1: If n is large enough, the mean of the distribution will approach mean of pop. P.2: If n is large enough, sampling distribution of means will be approx normal, regardless of shape of the pop. P.3: Standard deviation of sampling distribution = SD / square root (sample size). As n increases, SEM decreases. |
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Describe the sampling distribution of sample means. |
Idk |
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How is the SD different from the SEM? How are they similar? |
Idk lol |
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What is a point estimate? An interval estimate? |
Point estimate is a specific estimation, but less likely to be right. Interval provides a range and more likely to include population parameter. |
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Calculate a confidence interval. |
|
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What is meant by a "critical z" or "critical value"? |
Idk lol |
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What are the five steps for hypothesis testing? |
1. identify research problem 2. identify decision rule 3. calculations 4. make decision 5. conclusion |
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What is the difference between 1 vs 2 tailed tests? How do we decide when to use each? |
lol |
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What are Type 1 and Type 2 errors? How is alpha related to Type 1, and beta related to Type 2? |
poop |
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Identify 7 methodologies from a description of a study! |
1. Confidence int 2. t-test (2 means) 3. One-way ANOVA (more than 2 means) 4. Two-way ANOVA (2 IVs) 5. Correlational methodologies 6. Simple and multiple regression 7. Chi square |
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What is meant by a heuristic? What are the pros and cons? (109) |
werg |
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Describe the "Linda the bank teller" example. What does this say about people's perceptions of conjunction probability? |
lol |
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Describe the nuclear war scenario (page 112). |
ewt |
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Describe the quote by Tversky and Kahneman on page 111. |
egs |
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Describe the "law of small numbers". |
egt |
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What is a "hot hand" or "shooting streak"? |
sgjh |
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What is meant by "neglecting the base"? |
wepiot |
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What is meant by "regression to the mean"? |
owrig |
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Contrast clinical versus actuarial predictions. |
orgin |
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What is the availability heuristic? (109) |
soigt |
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Describe the point being made by being killed by a shark vs by falling airplane parts, as well as being killed by violent vs. disease-based process? |
idk |
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Describe the "imaginative study", denial and vividness. |
ha |
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Describe the "legal significance of guacamole". |
lol |
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Describe the "game show problem" and Table 12.1. (132) |
woit |
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Describe the notion of "confusion of the inverse". (132) |
wet |
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Contrast simple probability with conditional probability. (133) |
owetn |
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Contrast conjunctive and disjunctive events. (135) |
wte |
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Describe what is meant by conservative and anti conservative in decision making. (138) |
eorgh |
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Describe 3 recommendations to reduce biases in probability and risk estimation. (143) |
weohto |
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Describe "synchronicity"-- how does it relate to the main points? (155) |
weoit |
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How would you answer: Do people tend to see meaningful patterns in random arrangements of stimuli? Can peeps behave randomly? (156) |
wet |
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What is "lucky" an empirical fact and when is it superstition? (156-57) |
oreiwgh |
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Describe Fischhoff and Slovic study that looked at people's estimations about their own ability to predict the stock market. |
weoith |
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What is the analogy between hypothesis tests and confidence intervals? |
idk lol |