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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
hormones |
chemical signals that are secretedinto the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body |
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endocrine system |
secretes hormones that coordinate slowerbut longer-acting responses including reproduction, development, energymetabolism, growth, and behavior |
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nervous system |
conveys high-speedelectrical signals along specialized cells called neurons; these signalsregulate other cells |
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chemical signals |
Function to relay information |
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1.Hormones 2.Local regulators 3.Neurotransmitters 4.Neurohormones 5.Pheromones |
types of chemical signals (5) |
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endocrine signaling |
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paracrine signaling |
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autocrine signaling |
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synaptic signaling |
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neuroendocrine signaling |
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hormones |
secretedinto extracellular fluids by endocrinecells reach their targets via thebloodstream |
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endocrine glands |
ductless and secrete hormonesdirectly into the surrounding fluid |
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exocrine glands |
have ducts and secrete ontobody surfaces |
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-maintainshomeostasis -mediates responses to stimuli -regulates growth and development |
functions of endocrine signaling (3) |
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local regulators |
molecules that act over shortdistances, reaching target cells solely bydiffusion. |
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paracrine signaling |
the target cells lie near the secretingcells |
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autocrine signaling |
the target cell is also the secretingcell |
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synapses |
neurons form specialized junctionswith target cells |
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neurotransmitters |
neuronssecrete molecules that diffuse short distances andbind to receptors on target cells |
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neurohormones |
specializedneurosecretory cells secrete molecules that travel to target cells viathe bloodstream |
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pheromones |
chemicalsthat are released into the environment - used for markingtrails leading to food, defining territories, warning of predators, andattracting potential mates |
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local regulators |
secretedmolecules that link neighboring cells or directly regulate the secreting cell |
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cytokines |
local regulator that plays a role in immunity |
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growth factors |
local regulator that plays a role in cell growth anddifferentiation |
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nitric oxide |
local regulator that causes dilation of blood vessels, canalso act as a neurotransmitter |
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prostaglandins |
local regulators in the immune system, they promote feverand inflammation and intensify the sensation of pain. They also regulate the formation of bloodclots. |
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-polypeptides -steroids -amines |
classes of hormones (3) |
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polypeptides and amines |
water-soluble hormones |
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steroids |
lipid-soluble hormones |
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water-soluble |
_____________ hormonesare secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream,and bind to cell-surfacereceptors |
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lipid-soluble |
____________ hormonesdiffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream boundto transport proteins, anddiffuse through the membrane of target cells |
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signal transduction pathway |
Binding of a hormone to itsreceptor initiates a |
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epinephrine |
hasmultiple effects in mediating the body’s response to short-term stress |
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gene-expression |
The response to a lipid-solublehormone is usually a change in |
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hormone-receptor complex |
Whena steroid hormone, thyroid hormones, or the hormonal form of vitamin D binds toits receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus, a ________ _______ is formed |
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homeostasis |
Negative feedback regulates manyhormonal pathways involved in |
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positive feedback |
reinforcesa stimulus to produce an even greater response |
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hypothalamus |
receivesinformation from the nervous system and initiates responses through theendocrine system |
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pituitary gland |
Attachedto the hypothalamus and composed of the posteriorpituitary and anterior pituitary |
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posterior pituitary |
stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus |
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anterior pituitary |
makes and releases hormones underregulation of the hypothalamus |
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(ADH) antidiuretic hormone |
also known as vasopressin,regulates physiology and behavior |
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oxytocin |
regulates milk secretion by the mammaryglands |
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1.Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 2.Luteinizing hormone (LH) 3.Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 4.Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 5.Prolactin (PRL)6.Growth hormone (GH) |
anterior pituitary hormones (5) |
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tropic hormone |
regulates the function of endocrine cellsor glands -Ex. TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH,GH |
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nontropic hormone |
does not regulate the function ofendocrine cells or glands. The targets are nonendocrinetissues. |
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hormone-cascade pathway |
A hormone can stimulate the releaseof a series of other hormones, the last of which activates a nonendocrine target cell |
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TRH----> TSH-----> thyroid hormone |
If thyroid hormone level drops inthe blood, the hypothalamus secretes |
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thyroid hormone |
stimulatesmetabolism and influences development and maturation |
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hypothyroidism |
toolittle thyroid function, can produce symptoms such as -Weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance |
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hyperthyroidism |
excessiveproduction of thyroid hormone, can lead to -High temperature, sweating, weight loss,irritability, and high blood pressure |
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Grave's disease |
aform of hyperthyroidism caused by autoimmunity, is typified by protruding eyes |
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growth hormone |
secretedby the anterior pituitary gland and has tropic and nontropic effects -Itpromotes growth directly and has diverse metabolic effects |
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PTH and calcitonin |
Twoantagonistic hormones regulate the homeostasis of calcium (Ca2+) in the blood of mammals |
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PTH |
increasesthe level of blood Ca2+ -It releases Ca2+ frombone and stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+in the kidneys |
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calcitonin |
decreasesthe level of blood Ca2+ -It stimulates Ca2+deposition in bones and secretion by kidneys |
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adrenal gland |
consistsof two glands: the adrenalmedulla (inner portion) and adrenalcortex (outer portion) |
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adrenal medulla |
secretesepinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine(noradrenaline) |
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catecholamines |
secreted in response tostress-activated impulses from the nervous system |
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pancreatic islets |
clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas |
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alpha cells |
produce glucagon in pancreas |
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beta cells |
produces insulin in pancreas |
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1.Promoting the cellular uptake ofglucose 2.Slowing glycogen breakdown in theliver 3.Promoting fat storage, not breakdown |
insulin reduces blood glucose levels by |
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1.Stimulating conversion of glycogento glucose in the liver 2.Stimulating breakdown of fat andprotein into glucose |
glucagon increases blood glucose levels by |
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus |
(insulin-dependent) autoimmunedisorder in which the immune systemdestroys pancreatic beta cells |
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
(non-insulin-dependent) involvesinsulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulinreceptors |