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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
True or false: Influenza also causes the stomach flu |
False |
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True or false: Two H1N1 viruses will have the same RNA genome sequence |
False |
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Who had the highest mortality rate in the 1918 flue pandemic? |
Young adults |
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What is the major drawback to the flu vaccine? |
It does not provide long-term immunity |
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What is the cause of the common cold? |
It can be caused by 200 different viruses |
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What is the difference between HIV and AIDS? |
HIV infections can lead to AIDS |
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Are yellow nodules a sign of HIV? |
No |
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Who can become infected with HIV? |
Anyone without genetic immunity |
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How can HIV be transmitted? |
Sexual contact, needle sharing, from mother to fetus, breast milk |
One or many ways? |
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What is the effect of male circumcision on HIV transmission? |
Decreases risk of becoming infected by 50% |
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What is the average cost to treat an AIDS patient for one year? |
> $35,000 |
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Why is the whole world terrified of Ebola? |
The mortality rate sometimes reaches 90% |
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What condition does Ebola cause? |
Failure of blood to clot |
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What was the cause of the first outbreak of Zaire Ebola in 1995? |
Ebola-contaminated needles that were reused |
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How could you determine which animal is the reservoir for the Ebolavirus? |
Test animals for antibodies to Ebola |
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How is Zika spread? |
Mosquitos and sexual contact |
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Zika virus infection during pregnancy is known to cause ___ in a fetus |
Microcephaly |
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True or false: All forms of birth control can prevent the transmission of Zika |
False |
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Which branch of the immune system involves recognizing specific microbes? |
Adaptive |
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What physical factor doesn't protect epithelial surfaces? |
Gastric juices |
1. Earwax 2. Urine 3. Vaginal secretions 4. Gastric juices 5. Vomiting and diarrhea |
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How could an eosinophil kill a parasitic worm? |
c. By releasing peroxide into the worm |
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High levels of neutrophils in the blood would most likely indicate: |
An acute bacterial infection |
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Phagocytosis is part of the body's: |
Second line of defense |
Which line of defense? |
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If you have a fever, should you take a pain-reliever like tylenol? |
Maybe, depends on how high of a fever |
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How does opsonization protect us from infections? |
By promoting phagocytosis |
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True or false: Interferons cannot treat cells that are already infected by a virus |
True |
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What is not found on the outside of bacteria? |
Capsid |
1. Glycocalyx 2. Capsid 3. Fimbria 4. Flagellum |
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The adaptive immune system is acquired through: |
Both infections and vaccination |
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TNF-alpha and interferon are: |
Types of cytokines |
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Which disease involves a cytokine storm? |
The 1918 flu |
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How long do maternal antibodies provide protection to a baby? |
6 months |
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How many different antigens can be recognized by all the B-cell receptors in the human body? |
A quadrillion (10^15) |
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Which class of antibody provides the best protection from the polio virus (which replicates in the intestine)? |
IgA |
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True or False: Exposure to many antigens is necessary for humans to have such a diversity of antibody receptors |
False |
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How do T-cells recognize specific antigens? |
T-cells have specific receptors |
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What is the role of T-helper cells in HIV infections? |
T-helper cells decrease in number over time in HIV+ individuals |
What happens to them in a person with HIV? |
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Why was variolation prohibited in England? |
The high mortality rate from people getting smallpox after variolation |
First form of vaccination |
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How many vaccines are recommended for a child to have had by the time they are 6 months old? |
19 |
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What is an example of passive immunization? |
Receiving antiserum for a snakebite |
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What is the major problem with inactivated vaccines? |
Many are antigenically weak |
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What type of vaccine is the current flu shot? |
Inactivated |
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What is an antibiotic? |
Antimicrobial agents produced naturally by organisms |
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What kind of antimicrobial drug should you be prescribed for a specific infection? |
A narrow-spectrum as long as you know what is causing the infection |
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What is a major limitation of penicillin? |
Only cells that are forming new cell walls are sensitive to it |
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B-lactamase production is an example of which type of resistance? |
Inactivation of the drug |
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Where do the antibiotic resistant colonies come from? |
Acquisition of resistance genes before exposure to the drug |
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How can we figure out if a microbe causes a particular disease? |
Isolate a pure culture of the microbe from a sick animal and inoculate a healthy animal |
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Why do bacteria have glycocalyx? |
Protection from phagocytosis |
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Of yeast, Candida albicans, and tapeworms, which (if any or all) are eukaryotes? |
All |
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Which is an example of an anabolic reaction? |
Making a protein in a ribosome |
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Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid. What does a microbe do with pyruvic acid? |
Electron transport chain, fermentation, and anaerobic respiration |
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What is most likely to be contaminating your yogurt? |
Mold |
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What is happening during the stationary phase of cell growth? |
The numbers of dead bacteria and new bacteria are equal |
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What is a highly effective chemical method of controlling microbial growth? |
Ethylene oxide gas |
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How can we use bacteria as factories to produce a toxin that kills insects? |
Place the DNA sequence of interest into a plasmid and insert it into a bacterium |
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What kind of microbe would you use to eat through old tires that you want to get rid of? |
Chemoheterotrophs |
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True or false: Viruses with high mortality rates spread quickly from person to person |
False |
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Necrotizing fasciitis is most often caused by: |
Infection of a wound with Streptococcus pyogenes |
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How can we measure how easily a disease spreads between people? |
Determine the basic reproduction number (R0) |
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Someone with latent TB will show which signs and symptoms? |
None! |
1. cough and pain in chest 2. caseous lesions in their lungs 3. fever and muscle pain 4. vomiting and abdominal pain 5. none |
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Why was chlamydia originally thought to be a virus? |
It lives inside host cells and requires host's ATP |
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A patient with yellow, dry, crumbling nails is uneffected by antibiotics. What is the diagnosis? |
An infection by a dermatophyte |
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Explain why the ability of Plasmodium to infest new hosts depends on its ability to tell time |
Plasmodium gametocytes must be present in the hosts blood when mosquitos are biting |
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Someone comes in with tapeworm cysts in their brain. Explain how they could have prevented this |
Avoid contact with feces containing tapeworm eggs |
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Reversion is a problem with which type of vaccine? |
Attenuated |
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What presents the greatest challenge in drug design? |
Viruses |
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How do neutrophils act as first responders for our immune system? |
They ingest pathogens and perform extracellular killing |
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