Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Red Algae |
Archaeplastids
Red due to accessory pigment phycoerythrin
Usually multicellular; largest seaweed
|
|
Green Algae |
Archaeplastids
Named 4 grass-green chloroplasts
2 main groups: charaophytes & chlorophytes; charoaphytes more closely related to plants |
|
supergroup: Unikonta |
includes animals, fungi, some protists
includes two clades: amoebozoans; opisthokonts(animals, fungi, & related protists)
|
|
Amoebozoans |
Unikonta
Include slime molds, tubulinids, entamoebas
|
|
Slime molds |
clade: Amoebozoans Supergroup: Unikonta Mycetozoans 2 branches: plasmodial slime molds (diploid organism) Cellular Slime mold (haploid organism) |
|
Examples of Beneficial Prokaryotes in Human Body |
Intestine- provide important nutrients
Mouth- prevent harmful from growing there
Decomposers- return nutrients back to enviroment |
|
Prokaryotes: General Features |
Most unicellular No membrane-bound organelles No nucleus Basic Shapes: cocci (spheres) bacilli (rods) sprilla/spirochete(helices)
|
|
Prokaryotes: Cell Wall Function |
maintains cell shape
affords physical protections
prevents bursting in hypotonic environment (will plasmolyze(protsplasm shrinks) in hypertonic solutions
|
|
Prokaryotes: Cell Wall Structure |
peptidoglycan based
sugars x-linked w/polypeptides
used to identify bacteria w/ Gram Stain procedure |
|
Archaean: Cell Walls Structure |
Contain polysaccharides & proteins
Lack peptidoglycan
|
|
Gram Negative bacteria |
red/pink color due thin peptidoglycan cell walls more pathogenic endotoxins ex. lipopolysaccharide greater resistance to antibiotics
|
|
Gram positive bacteria |
blue/purple think peptidoglycan cell wall exotoxins |
|
Prokaryotes: Capsule |
Sticky protective outer layer- capsule if dense; slime layer if not Enable adherence to surfaces/other organisms to form a colony Protect against dehydration/host's immune system
|
|
Prokaryotes: fimbriae |
hair-like appendages use to stick to substrate or to one another |
|
Prokaryotes: Bacteria: Endospore |
Resistant stores Dormant until favorable conditions Can withstand boiling water |
|
Prokaryotes: Motility |
Flagella action (most common)
Corkscrew motion (spirochetes)
Secrete slimy threads |
|
Prokaryotes: Taxis |
Taxis-directional movement Heterogeneous environment Chemotaxis Phototaxis |
|
Prokayotes: General Features Pt 2 |
Most have cell wall Plasmids- additional rings of DNA Singular, circular DNA strand
|
|
Prokaryotes: Antibiotics |
erythromycin & tetracycline- bind to prokaryotic ribosomes and block protein synthesis
penicillin: inhibits x-link formation; interferes w/ cell wall structure |
|
Prokaryotes: Reproduction |
asexual reproduction: binary fission |
|
Prokaryotes: Bacteria: Genetic Variation |
Mutation- short generation times & large population; favorable mutations can propagate rapidly
|
|
Prokaryotes: Horizontal Gene Transfer |
Brings together DNA from individuals of diff species; facilitates rapid evolution |
|
Prokaryotes: Acquiring Genes |
Transformation- cell takes up genes from environment Transduction- bacteriophages transfer genes from 1 prokaryote to another Conjugation- direct transfer of genes from 1 prokaryote to another; aka bacteria sex |
|
Prokaryotes: energy& carbon use: 4 categories |
Phototroph- use light energy Chemotroph- energy from chemicals in environment Autotroph- need only CO2(inorganic) Heterotroph- require @ least one organic nutrient |
|
Prokaryotes: 4 Major Nutrition Modes |
Photoautotrophs- Photosynthetic; light to make organic compounds from CO2 (plants/algae) Chemoautotrophs- Need only CO2; but oxidize inorganic 4 energy (H2S, NH3, Iron II) Photoheterotrophs- Use light 4 energy, obtain C in organic form Chemoheterotrophs- Eat organic compounds 4 energy& carbon (protists, fungi& animals, some parasitic plants)
|
|
Prokaryotes: Metabolic Relationship to O2 |
Obligate aerobes- use O2 for cell respiration; no growth w/o it
Obligate anaerobes- poisoned by O2; use fermentation or anaerobic respiration
Facultative anaerobes- use O2 if present but can grow aerobically |
|
Prokaryotes: Nitrogen Metabolism |
Able to metabolize most N compounds
Nitrogen fixation- convert N2 to NH3
Only biomechanism that makes atmospheric N2 available to organisms |
|
Prokaryotes: Metabolic Cooperation |
Allows them to use environmental resources they couldn't use as individual cells
ex. Anabaena- photosynthesis/N fixation occur in diff cells within colony |
|
Prokaryotes: Metabolic Cooperation: Biofilms |
surface coatings where MC could occur MC occurs regardless of species or domain ex. sulfate consuming bacteria and methane-consuming archaea |
|
Prokaryotes: Bacteria: 5 Major Taxis Pt 1 |
Proteobacteria (Gram-negative)
Clamydias urethritis- most common STD in US
Spirochetes- syphilis, Lyme disease
|
|
Prokaryotes: Bacteria: 5 Major Taxis Pt 2 |
Cyanobacteria- only prokaryotes w/ plantlike oxygenic photosynthesis
Gram-positive bacteria Actinomycetes- tuberculosis, leprosy Streptomyces- antibiotics (stremtomycin) Spore formers such as Bacillus anthracis & Clostridium btolinum |
|
Prokaryotes: Archaea: 4 Major Clasdes |
Korachaeota
Euryarchaeota-methanogens/halophiles; some Theromophiles
Crenarchaeota- most thermophiles
Nanoarcheota |
|
Prokaryotes: Archaea: Environmental Criteria |
Extreme- Thermophiles: Thrive in hot places 60 degrees Celsius+ Extreme Halophiles: Live in high-salt places; Great Salt Lakes, Dead Sea Methanogens- obtain energy by using CO2 to oxidize H2 to CH4; strict anaerobes poisoned by O2 |
|
Prokaryotes: Ecological Impact |
Decomposers- "Unlock" organic 'cules of corpses/waste products
Return inorganic environmental components to the air
|
|
Prokaryotes: Ecological Impact Pt 2 |
Cyanobacteria produce atmospheric O2
Bacteria/Archaea- important in nitrification
Only organisms that metabolize non-organic 'cules: iron, sulfer, nitrogen & hydrogen |
|
Symbiosis |
ecological relationship btwn organisms of diff species that are in direct contact |
|
Symbiotic Relationships |
Mutualism: both benefit
Commensalism: 1 receives benefits while neither harming/helping other
Parasitism: 1 benefits @ expense of host |
|
Pathogenic Prokaryotes |
cause 1/2 of all human disease
some opportunistic: ex. Sreptococcus pneumonia- live in throats of healthy ppl; cause pneumonia when defenses down |
|
Pathogenic Prokaryotes: How do they Cause Disease |
Tissue invasion
Produce poisons- endotoxins: lipopolysaccharide components of outer membrane exotoxins- secreted
|
|
Prokaryotes: Research/Technological Use |
Bioremediation: use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, & soil Treat sewage Used to decompose petroleum compounds- pesticides, oil spills, radioactive wastes Metabolic factories for commercial productions |
|
Fungi: Basic Characteristics |
Eukaryotes
Heterotrophs- acquire nutrients by absorption
Exoenzymes- digest food body by secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes |
|
Fungi: Function As |
Decomposers: absorb nutrients from non-living organic material
Parasites: absorb nutrients from hosts cells
Mutualistic Symbionts: absorb nutrients from host but reciprocate |
|
Fungi: Structure: Hyphae |
tiny filaments
not present in yeasts & microsporidia
hyphae form interwoven mat= mycelium
Mycelia can be huge (maximizes surface area)
|
|
Fungi: Structure: Septa & Chitin |
Septa: hyphae divided into cells
Cell walls: chitin- based
|
|
Fungi: Structure: Aseptate |
asptate- hyphae not divided
coenocytic fungi- continuous cytoplasmic mass w/ 100s or 1000s of nuclei |
|
Fungi: Parasitic |
haustoria- absorbing hyphal tips that penetrate host tissue |
|
Fungi: Reproduction |
Release spores produced sexually or asexually
|
|
Fungi: Reproduction: Sexual Life Cycle |
1. plasmogamy: fusion of 2 parents cytoplasms
2. karyogamy: fusion of haploid cell
stages can be separated by hrs to centuries
Meiosis restores haploid condition b4 spores produced; heterokaryon- mycelium @ interim |
|
Fungi: Origins |
Evolved from aquatic, unicellular flagellated protist like animals DNA data- part of clade: opisthokonts 'long wit animals/ protisan relatives: nuclearids
Multicellularity evolved in animals/fungi independently |
|
Fungi: Sexual Life Cycle: Haploid/Diploid |
Nuclei of fungal hyphae & spores of most species are haploid, cept 4 transient diploid stage
Heterokaryon: mycelia w/ fusion of 2 hyphae w/ genetically different nuclei |
|
Fungi: 5 Major Phyla |
1. Chytridomycota 2. Zygomycota 3. Glomeromycota 4.Ascomycota 5.Basidiomycota |
|
Fungi: Phylum Chytridomycota |
Form zoospores: uniflagellated spores
Most primitive
|
|
Fungi: Phylum Zygomycota |
Zygote fungi: form resistant structures during sexual reproduction Asexual phase: bulbous black sporangia develop at tips of upright hyphae
Mycorrhizae- mutualistic association w/ plant roots; 1 group forms em
|