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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cell theory?
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-all living org. are composed of cells
-all cells arise from preexisting cells -cells contain heriditary material -chemical comp. of cells is quite similar -metabolic process associated with life occur within cells |
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how many different cell types in us?
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about 200
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what are cells made of?
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protein, nuceleic acid, carbohydrate, lipid other
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cellular anatomy
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-plasma membrane(animals) cellular wall(plants
-a fluid called cytoslol -a nucelus( in animals and plants) |
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prokaryotic cell
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-no internal mebrane bound compartments
-usually only genetic material as organelles -no nucleus -genetic material floats in cytoplasm, achored at one spot to the membrane |
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creation of eukayotic cells?(evolution)
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evolved from procaryotic ancester which took in smaller energy producing prokaryotic cells--->
mitochondria own DNA etc |
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cell membrane structure
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glycoprotein, glycolipid-->glycolax
Phospholipid proteins fat sugars phospholipid |
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HLA's?
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human leukocyte antigenes-->identifying proteins that sit in white blood cells-->glycocalyx
also bloodtypes |
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examples active transport?
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-uptake of digested nutrients from the small intestine
-the collecting of iodine in thyorid gland cells -return to the blood of the vast majorityof sodium ions filtered by the kidney |
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intermembrane pumps
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-transport proteins may act as pumps movin ions or small molecules across the plasma membrane
- |
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differnet kinds of pumps?
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uniporter, simporter, antiporter
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components of the endomembrane system?
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-nuclear envelope
-endoplasmatic reticulum -golgi apparatus -lysosoms -vacuoles -plasma mebrane |
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nucleus
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-contains most of the genes and is usually the biggest organelle
-nuclear envelope seperates it from the cytoplasm -nuclear envelope is a double membrane -nuclear pores in the envelope for transport |
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ribosomes
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-protein factories
-made of rRNA and proteins -protein synthesis in two locations: 1. in the cytosol 2.outside of ER or nuclear envelope |
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ER
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-biosynthetic factory
-is continous with the nucear envelope -smooth ER. lacks ribosomes -rough ER: ribosomes roughen up the surface |
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sER
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-synthesizes lipids
-metabolizes carbohydrates -detoxifies poison -stores calcium |
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rER
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-half of the cells proteins are made here
-protein movement -protein proofreading |
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golgi apparatus
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-shipping and receivin centre
-consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae -modifies products of the ER -manufacture certain macromolecules -sorts and packages materials into transport vesicels -cis face-->receiving side -trans-face-->shipping side |
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lysosomes
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-digestive compartments
-hydrolitic enzymes taht can digest macromolecules -lysosome fuses with food vacuole -lysosome can also recycle the cells own organelles-->autophagy |
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mitochondria
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-chemical energy conversion
-smooth outer membrane and inner membrane folded into cristae -inner mebrane creates two compartments: intermebrane space and mitochindrial matrix -some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the mitochondrial matrix - |
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energy produciton in the mitochondrium
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1.glucose diffuses into cell glycolysis-->breaking down glucose that releases energy which is store in 2 ATP molecules and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
2.pyruvic acid gets taken to mitochondrium where it's converted to acetyl co-A 3.acetyl co-A feeds into citroenzuurcyclus, a series of reactions that release energy from the actyl co-A and store it in ATP NADH FADH2 4. NADH an FADH2 are transported to the inner mebrane of the mitochondrium, final series of reactions-->electron transport chaon-->that converts energy in NADH+ FADH2 to ATP |
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peroxisomes
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-oxidation
-produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it into water - |
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cytoskeleton
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-network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
-organizes the cell's structure, anchoring organelles -composed of:microtubuli, microfilamente, intermediate filaments -vesicels can travel vie the skeleton -interacts with motorproteins to produce mobility |
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cell movement
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flagella: single, long whiplike structures that propel the cell forward
cilia: are shorter extensions, line up the upper respiratory tract carrying mucus, line up thefallopian tubes to move the egg from ovary to uterus dyenin: motorprotein that drives the bending movements both cilia anf flagella:core of microtubuli sourrounded by the plasma mebrane |
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centrosome
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"microtubuli organization centre"
-each centrosome has a pair of centriols each with nine triplets of microtubuli arranged in a ring |
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cell division in multicellular organisms depend on?
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-developement from a fertilized cel
-growth -repair |
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cell cycle?
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live of a cell from its formation to own reproduction
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somatic cells?
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non reproductive cells
two sets of chromosomes |
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gametes?
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reproductive cells
sperm and egg cells half as many chromosomes as somatic cells |
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chromosomes consit of?
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-chromatin
-complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division |
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binary fission?
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prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission
the chromosome replicates(beginning at the origin of replication) and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart |
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eukaryotic division
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mitosis--> devision of the nucleus
cytokinesis-->division of the cytoplasm |
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meiosis?
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-produces gametes
-yields cells taht have only one set of chromosomes, half as many as the parent cell |
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cell ccle consists of?
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-mitotic phase(mitose und cytokynese)
-interphase(cell growth and copying of chromosomes in prepration for cell division) |
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Interphase?
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-about 90% of cell cycle divided into:
-G1 phase(first gap) -S-phase (Synthesis, chromosomes are duplicated) -G2 phase (second gap) |
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phases of mitsoisß
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-prophase
-promethaphase -metaphase -anaphase -telophase |
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checkpoints of cell cycle?
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-G1 checkpoint, most important one, if cell does not pass it goes into G0 phase where its not further replicated
-if it receives go ahead signal the cell usual goes through S,G2 and M phase and divide |
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internal and external signs at checkpoints?
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-internal: kinetochors are not to spindle microtubules and send signal that delays anaphase
-external: proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide |
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densitiy dependent inhibition
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crwoded cells will stop dividing
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anchorage dependence
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cells must be attached to a substratum in order to divide
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cell communication?
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-via physycal contact or chemical messengers
1.circulating hormones 2.local hormones-->for cells in vicinity, very quick response, cells that are infected with a virus for example and neurons 3. gap junctions-->are immediate and short lived, contact btw cells |