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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gene
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discrete, functional DNA;
when expressed, yields a functional products |
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Open reading frame
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long stretch of nucleotides that can encode polypeptide due to absence of stop codons
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Chromosome
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discrete, linear molecule of double-stranded DNA
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Centromere
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site that connects sister chromatids
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Kinetochore
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attachment site of spindle to chromosome
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Teleomere
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nucleotide repeat at end of linear chromosome
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Telomer
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resists nuclease digestion;
synthesized by Telomerase |
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Karyotype
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photograph of chromosomes from a single organism
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What is the function of histone proteins?
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Histone proteins package eukaryotic nuclear DNA.
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Chromatin
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Nuclear DNA+Associated proteins
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Heterochromatin
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condensed, transcriptionally inactive chromatin
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Constituitive heterochromatin
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DNA is never transcribed
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Facultative heterochromatin
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DNA is not transcribed in that cell type, but is transcribed in other cell types.
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Euchromatin
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decondensed, transcriptionally active interphase chromatin
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Nucleosome core particle
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146 b.p. DNA wraps 1.75 times around histone octomer
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Chromatosome
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166 b.p. DNA locked in place around histone octomer by histone H1
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What do chromatosomes pack to form?
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Chromatin fibers
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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
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DNA → RNA → Protein via replication, transcription, and translation, respectively
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Mutation
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change in DNA sequence
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What does it mean to say that DNA replication is Semiconservative?
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Each parental strand serves as template for synthesis of a new complementary strand.
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In what direction does DNA polymerase synthesis DNA?
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5' to 3'
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DNA Polymerase
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template directed synthesis of complementary DNA strand by addition of nucleotides
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Name the five DNA polymerases and tell the function of each.
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α-replicative
β-repair γ-organelle δ-replicative Δ-unclear |
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Helicase
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unwinds DNA
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Primase
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synthesizes RNA primers
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Topoisomerase
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relives torsenal strain in DNA double helix
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Topoiomerase type I
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breaks phosphodiester bond on one DNA strand
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Topoiomerase type II
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breaks phosphodiester bond on both DNA strands
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Ligase
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seals nicks (breaks) in phosphodiester backbone
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RNase H
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digests RNA molecule n DNA:RNA hybrid
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Single Stranded DNA Binding Protein
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binds and protects single stranded DNA
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Exonuclease
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digests DNA
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Exonuclease 5' to 3'
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digests DNA in fron of synthesis
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Exonuclease 3' to 5'
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removes newly synthesized nucleotide (especially if incorrectly incorporated)
(proofreading) |
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Reverse transcriptase
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RNA molecule serves as template for DNA synthesis
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Leading strand
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continous synthesis
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Lagging strand
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discontiuous synthesis (Okazaki fragments)
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What happens if the incorrefct base is incorporated?
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creates mutation which is the fuel for evolution
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Origin
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discrete site on chromsome where replication begins
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Trasciption
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occurs in nucleus;
catalzed by RNA polymerase |
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In what direction is RNA synthesized?
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5' to 3'
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RNA Polymerase I
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functions in the nucleolus;
synthesizes 45S pre rRNA (18S, 5.8S, 28S rRNA) |
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RNA Polymerase II
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functions in the nucleus;
pre-mRNA |
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Monocistronic
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endcode one polypeptide per transcript
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Polycistronic
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encode several polypeptides per transcript
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Chromatosome
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166 b.p. DNA locked in place around histone octomer by histone H1
|
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What do chromatosomes pack to form?
|
Chromatin fibers
|
|
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
|
DNA → RNA → Protein via replication, transcription, and translation, respectively
|
|
Mutation
|
change in DNA sequence
|
|
What does it mean to say that DNA replication is Semiconservative?
|
Each parental strand serves as template for synthesis of a new complementary strand.
|
|
In what direction does DNA polymerase synthesis DNA?
|
5' to 3'
|
|
DNA Polymerase
|
template directed synthesis of complementary DNA strand by addition of nucleotides
|
|
Name the five DNA polymerases and tell the function of each.
|
α-replicative
β-repair γ-organelle δ-replicative Δ-unclear |
|
Helicase
|
unwinds DNA
|
|
Primase
|
synthesizes RNA primers
|
|
Topoisomerase
|
relives torsenal strain in DNA double helix
|
|
Topoiomerase type I
|
breaks phosphodiester bond on one DNA strand
|
|
Topoiomerase type II
|
breaks phosphodiester bond on both DNA strands
|
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Ligase
|
seals nicks (breaks) in phosphodiester backbone
|
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RNase H
|
digests RNA molecule n DNA:RNA hybrid
|
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Single Stranded DNA Binding Protein
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binds and protects single stranded DNA
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Telomerase
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synthesizes telomeres
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Exon Nuclease
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digests DNA
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Exon Nuclease 5' to 3'
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digests DNA in front of synthesis
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Exon Nuclease 3' to 5'
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removes newly synthesized nucleotide (especially if incorrectly incorporated)
|
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Reverse transcriptase
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RNA molecule serves as template for DNA synthesis
|
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Leading strand
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continous sythesis
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Lagging strand
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discontinous sythesis (Okazaki fragments)
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Origin
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discrete site on chromosome where replication begins
|
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Transcription
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occurs in nucleus;
catalzyed by RNA polymerase |
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In what direction is RNA sythesized?
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5' to 3'
|
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RNA Polymerase I
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functions in nucleolus;
synthesizes 45S preRNA (18S, 5.8S,and 28S rRNA) |
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RNA Polymerase II
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function in nucleus
synthesizes pre-mRNA |
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Monocistronic
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encodes one polypeptide per transcript
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Polycistronic
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encodes several polypeptides per transcript
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Capping
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addition of methylguanosine to 5' end of transcript;
reverse 5' to 5' linkage of methylguanosine |
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Polyadenylation
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addition of chain of AMP to 3' end of transcript
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Splicing
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removal of introns
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Intron
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noncoding region
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Exon
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coding region
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RNA Polymerase III
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function in nucleus;
5.0 rRNA; sythesizes pre tRNA |
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Pre tRNA
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single strand of 70-80 ribonucleotides;
folds into a cloverleaf structure |
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Describe how tRNA is synthesized from pre tRNA.
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5' end cleaved by RNAse P ribozyme;
3' end cleaved by RNAse; CCA added to 3' end; base modified; anticodon used |
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CCA
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attachment site for amino acid
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Translation
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protein sythesis in cytosol
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Ribosome
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rRNA + r proteins
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mRNA
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homologous to DNA sequence;
contains codon (3 nucleotides) |
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tRNA
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adapter between amino aicd and mRNA;
amino attachment site CCA 3'; anticodon interacts with codon of mRNA |
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Where are ribosomal subunits assembled?
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in the nucleus
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Where are ribosomal subunits transported to?
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They are transported through nuclear pore into the cytoplasm.
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Where are free ribosomes found?
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in the cytoplasm
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Where are bound ribosomes found?
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attached to the ER
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