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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
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Articular bone surfaces, nose, trachea, etc
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Where is elastic cartilage found?
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External ear, epiglottis, etc
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Where is fibrocartilage found?
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Intervertebral disks, tendon-bone junctions, etc
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Name the 4 parts found in the amorphous matrix of hyaline cartilage
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1. Type II collagen
2. High concentration of proteoglycans (aggrecan) linked to hyaluronic acid 3. Chondronectin 4. Capsule/Territorial matrix |
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What is the function of type II collagen?
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Provides resistance to shear forces, bestows the correct shape, and determines the maximum volume of the tissue.
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T/F The restriction of proteoglycan aggregates by type II collagen creates a swelling pressure that keeps the tissue turgid and provides resistance to compression?
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True
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T/F Chondronectin is a structural glycoprotein?
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True
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Describe the characteristics of chondrocytes
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a. Found in lacunae-no cell-cell contacts
b. Physical pressures distributed in matrix so chondrocytes are not crushed by body weight c. Fed by diffusion from perichondrium; this limits the thickness of cartilage plates |
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T/F Hyaline cartilage is vascular?
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False, it is avascular and pathological angiogenesis leads to calcification of the cartilage and replacement by bone
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Describe the 4 characteristics of perichondrium
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a. Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the cartilage
b. Contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves c. Not on articular surfaces or at bone-cartilage junctions d. Source of chondroblasts |
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Describe the 2 means of growth for hyaline cartilage
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1. Appositional
2. Interstitial |
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Describe the 2 characteristics of appositional growth
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1. New matrix is deposited on the existing cartilage surface by chondroblasts in the perichondrium.
2. Chondrocytes arise from "trapped" chondroblasts |
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Describe the 3 characteristics of interstitial growth
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1. Produced by proliferation of chondrocytes
2. Creates cell nests-isogenous groups-isogenous aggregates 3. May have more than one cell per lacunae |
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What is the differences between hyaline and elastic cartilage?
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Elastic cartilage contains a high concentration of elastic fibers for greater resiliency and chondrocytes in elastic cartilage are often large
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Name 3 characteristic features of fibrocartilage
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1. Transition tissue with elements of both hyaline cartilage and dense fibrous tissue
2. In intervertebral disks, tendon-bone junctions 3. Is not surrounded by perichondrium |
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Describe the process of Biogenesis
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First dense connective tissue is formed; then some fibroblasts differentiate into chondroblasts and secrete cartilaginous matrix; these cells become chondrocytes.
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What are the functions of bone?
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1. Support
2. Protection 3. Hematopoiesis 4. Regulation of calcium levels in plasma (Calcitonin ↑ depostion, parathormone ↑ release) 5. Heavy metal trap |
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What is the function of type I collagen and is the result of vitamin C deficiency?
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Flexibility; results in too little collagen and causes scurvy
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What is the function of Hydroxyapatite (Calcium phosphate) and what is the name of the disease that results from low calcification?
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Incompressiblity; Rickets
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Name the 6 things found in the lamellae of bone tissue
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1. Type I collagen
2. Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate) 3. Calcium-binding glycoproteins 4. Osteocytes in lacunae 5. Blood vessels and nerves pass through Haversian canals interconnected by Volkmann's canals 6. Other Lamellae (circumferential-inner and outer; intertstitial |
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Resting Zone
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Quiescent cartilage
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Proliferative Zone
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Cell division & matrix production increases length of bone
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Hypertrophic Cartilage Zone
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Cell size increase, matrix production and compression between cell columns
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Calcified Cartilage Zone
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Cells degenerate, cartilage calcified
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Ossification Zone
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Bone tissue laid on cartilage spicules
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What are the 6 stages of bone formation?
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1. Resting Zone
2. Proliferative Zone 3. Hypertrophic Cartilage Zone 4. Calcified Cartilage Zone 5. Ossification Zone 6. Remodeling |
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What 2 things are bone remodeling actively dependent on?
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1. Growth hormone
2. Paracrine growth factors |
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T/F Increase in bone diameter occurs from appositional growth of cortical bone, not from epiphyseal plate
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True
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Corticosteroid-induced osteopenia
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Increased osteoclast activity and decreased osteoblast activity
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Osteopetrosis
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Decreased osteoclast activity results in over growth of bone that can obliterate the bone marrow cavity and thereby result in anemia and immune deficiency.
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What are the 3 steps of endochondral ossification (long bones)?
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1. Formation of cartilage model
2. Formation of periosteal collar 3. Calcification of diaphyseal cartilage and formation of periosteal bud-primary center of ossification. |
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Describe the 4 steps of fracture repair
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1. Blood clots and damaged bone are removed
2. Cells in the periosteum and endosteum proliferate to form a "temporary patch" (weeks) 3. A bone callus is formed by both intramembranous and endochondral ossification (months) 4. Eventually the callus is resorbed and the bone remodeled to restore its original structure (years) |
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What are 3 characteristics of the synovial membrane?
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1. Connective tissue with fenestrated blood vessels
2. No epithelium or basal lamina on surface 3. Lined by macrophage-like and fibroblast-like synoviocytes |
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What are the functions of the synovial fluid
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Lubricate, nutrients for articular cartilage, stability, filtrate of plasma, hyaluronic acid, glycoproteins, few cells
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Intramembranous ossification forms what?
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Cranial Vault: frontal, parietal, upper portions of occipital
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