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97 Cards in this Set
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joint (articulation) |
the site where two or more bones meet; weakest part of the skeleton |
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1. synarthroses 2. amphiarthroses 3. diarthroses |
3 functional classes of joints |
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synarthroses |
immovable joints |
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amphiarthroses |
slightly movable joints |
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diarthroses |
freely movable joints |
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1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial |
3 structural classes of joints |
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fibrous - skull, teeth cartilaginous - epiphyseal plate, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs synovial - most of the body, especially limbs |
give examples of fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints: |
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fibrous joints |
joint type in which bones are connected by fibrous tissue, no joint cavity; most are synarthrotic |
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1. sutures 2. syndesmoses 3. gomphoses |
3 types of fibrous joints |
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sutures |
type of fibrous joint in which the bone edges interlock with short connective tissue fibers; ex. the skull |
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synostoses |
closed sutures after middle age |
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syndesmoses |
type of fibrous joint in which the bones are exclusively connected by ligaments |
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ligaments |
cords or bands of fibrous tissue connecting two bones |
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gomphoses |
"peg in socket" fibrous joint; ex. tooth |
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periodontal ligament |
ligament holding a tooth in its socket |
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cartilaginous joints |
joint type in which the bones are united by cartilage; both rigid and movable examples |
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1. synchondroses 2. symphyses |
2 types of cartilaginous joints |
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synchondroses |
type of cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage unites the bones; syntharthrotic |
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symphyses |
type of cartilaginous joint in which fibrocartilage unites the bones; amphiarthrotic |
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synovial joints |
joint type in which the bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity; freely movable |
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1. articular cartilage 2. articular capsule 3. joint cavity (articular cavity) 4. synovial fluid 5. reinforcing ligaments 6. nerves and blood vessels |
6 distinguishing features of synovial joints |
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articular cartilage |
the glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage covering the ends of opposing bones |
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articular capsule |
two-layered capsule covering the joint cavity |
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1. fibrous layer (external) 2. synovial membrane (internal) |
2 layers of the articular capsule |
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joint cavity (articular cavity) |
space formed by the articular capsule |
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synovial fluid |
fluid filling the joint cavity; reduces friction between cartilages |
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weeping lubrication |
process of cartilages under pressure releasing synovial fluid, and reabsorbing them as pressure is relieved |
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reinforcing ligaments |
reinforce and strengthen the synovial joint |
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1. fatty pads 2. menisci 3. bursae 4. tendon sheaths |
4 friction-reducing structures of a joint |
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fatty pads |
extra cushioning between the layers of the articular capsule; ex. hip and knee joints |
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menisci |
wedges of fibrocartilage separating articular surfaces, improving the fit and reducing friction; ex. knee, jaw |
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bursae |
flattened fibrous sacs of synovial fluid that lubricate synovial joints |
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tendon sheath |
an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon subjected to friction; ex. wrist |
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1. muscle tone 2. articular surfaces 3. ligaments |
3 factors influencing synovial joint stability |
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1. origin 2. insertion |
2 attachment points for skeletal muscles |
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origin |
muscle end attached to immovable (or less movable) bone |
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insertion |
muscle end attached to movable bone |
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nonaxial movement |
range of motion with no axis of movement; slipping actions only |
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uniaxial movement |
range of motion with movement in one plane |
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biaxial movement |
range of motion with movement in two planes |
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multiaxial movement |
range of motion with movement in all three planes |
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1. gliding 2. angular 3. rotation |
3 general types of movement |
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gliding movement |
type of movement when one bone surface glides over another; nonaxial; ex. the wrist |
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angular movement |
type of movement changing the angle between two bones; uniaxial or biaxial |
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1. flexion 2. extension 3. hyperextension 4. abduction 5. adduction 6. circumduction |
6 types of angular movements |
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rotation |
type of movement in which a bone turns along its own axis; ex. head, neck, lower limb |
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special movements |
movements that do not fit the main categories; only occur at a few joints |
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supination |
movement of turning the palm outward |
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pronation |
movement of turning the palm inward |
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dorsiflexion |
movement of raising the foot toward the anterior leg |
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plantar flexion |
movement of lowering the foot away from the anterior leg |
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inversion |
movement of the sole of the foot medially |
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eversion |
movement of the sole of the foot laterally |
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protraction |
movement of the jaw forward |
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retraction |
movement of pulling the jaw back in place |
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elevation |
movement of a body part superiorly; ex. closing the jaw |
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depression |
movement of a body part inferiorly; ex. opening the jaw |
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opposition |
movement of touching the thumb to the other fingers |
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1. plane 2. hinge 3. pivot 4. condylar 5. saddle 6. ball-and-socket |
6 types of synovial joints |
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plane joint |
nonaxial, gliding movements |
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hinge joint |
one bone projection fits into trough of another |
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pivot joint |
one bone projections fits into a ring |
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condylar joint |
oval bone projection fits into oval depression |
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saddle joint |
two bones with both convex and concave surfaces |
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ball-and-socket joint |
spherical bone projection fits into a cup |
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knee joint |
largest and most complex joint in the body; 3 joints in one, 2 condylar (femur and tibia) |
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condyloid joint |
knee joint type |
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1. menisci 2. ligaments 3. tendons |
3 factors of knee joint stability |
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1. patellar 2. extracapsular 3. intracapsular |
3 types of knee joint ligaments |
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1. patellar 2. medial retinacula 3. lateral retinacula |
3 types of patellar ligaments |
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1. fibular collateral 2. tibial collateral 3. oblique popliteal 4. arcuate popliteal |
4 extracapsular ligaments (of the knee) |
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collateral ligaments |
ligaments preventing lateral or medial rotation when the knee is extended |
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popliteal ligaments |
ligaments that help stabilize and reinforce the posterior knee |
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1. anterior cruciate (ACL) 2. posterior cruciate (PCL) |
2 intracapsular ligaments (of the knee) |
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cruciate ligaments |
ligaments that help prevent displacement of the knee (forward or backward sliding) |
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shoulder joint |
most freely moving joint of the body, sacrifices stability for mobility (more tendons, less ligaments) |
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1. glenoid cavity (scapula) 2. humerus head |
2 main parts of the shoulder joint |
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ball-and-socket |
shoulder joint type |
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rotator cuff |
made up of four tendons encircling the shoulder joint |
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elbow joint |
stable and smoothly operating hinge joint that only allows flexion and extension |
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1. trochlea (humerus) 2. trochlear notch (ulna) |
2 main parts of the elbow joint |
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hinge |
elbow joint type |
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hip joint (coxal joint) |
joint with a wide range of motion; more stability, less mobility than the shoulder (more ligaments) |
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1. acetabulum 2. femur head |
2 main parts of the hip joint |
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ball-and-socket |
hip joint type |
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1. cartilage tears 2. sprains 3. dislocations |
3 common joint injuries |
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sprain |
injury in which joint ligaments are stretched or torn; poorly vascularized, heal slowly |
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dislocation (luxation) |
injury in which bones are forced out of alignment; repeat incidences are common because the joint capsule and ligaments have been stretched |
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1. bursitis 2. tendonitis 3. arthritis 4. Lyme disease |
4 inflammatory and degenerative joint conditions |
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bursitis |
inflammation of a bursa; fluid accumulates |
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tendonitis |
inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse |
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arthritis |
over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints |
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1. osteoarthritis 2. rheumatoid arthritis 3. gouty arthritis |
3 types of arthritis |
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osteoarthritis |
chronic, degenerative arthritis; due to long term wear and tear; most common form |
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rheumatoid arthritis |
chronic, inflammatory arthitis in which the immune system attacks the joints |
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ankylosis |
immobility of a joint due to fused bones; symptom of rheumatoid arthritis |
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gout |
form of arthritis in which uric acid crystalizes in the joints, causing pain and immobilization |
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