Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Concept
|
An Idea that represents a real world phenomenon
|
|
Conceptual Question
|
* Expressed using ideas
* Difficult to answer empirically * Frequently unclear |
|
Concrete Question
|
* Expressed in tangible properties, and
* can be answered empirically |
|
Conceptual Definition
|
* Clearly describes the concept's measurable properties, and
* specifies the unit of analysis * "[x] is the extent to which (inds/grps) [y]" |
|
Operational definition
|
* Describes the instrument to be used in measuring a concept
* Puts a conceptual definition "into operation". |
|
Conceptual Dimension
|
concrete traits of a similar type
|
|
Multidimensional Concept
|
Concept with two or more distinct groups of empirical characteristics
|
|
Unit of Analysis
|
The entity to be measured or described
|
|
Aggregate-level unit of analysis
|
Measure of a group of individuals
|
|
Individual-level Unit of analysis
|
Measure of a single person
|
|
Ecological Fallacy
|
* Fallacy where aggregate level phenomenon is used to make inferences at individual levels
* i.e., Soldiers are fit and soldiers have high rates of vehicle accidents, but vehicle accidents and physical fitness do not correlate at the individual soldier level. |
|
Systemic Measurement Error
|
* Consistent, chronic distortion of measurement
* Problems with test's focus |
|
Random Measurement Error
|
* haphazard, chaotic distortion of measurement
* problems with test's application |
|
Hawthorne Effect
|
Inadvertant distortion of response by a subject that knows he or she is being measured or tested
|
|
Reliability
|
Consistency of measure for a concept
|
|
Validity
|
* Accuracy of measure for a concept
* Records true value of the intended characteristic, and * does not measure unintended characteristics |
|
Test-Retest Method
|
Researcher applies the same measure two separate times to the same units of analysis (individuals, usually)
|
|
Alternative-form method
|
Administers two different by equivalent forms of a measure to the same units of analysis
|
|
Panel Study
|
* Information about the same units of analysis from two or more separate times
* ≈Test-Retest method * ≈Alternative-form method * More expensive |
|
Cross-Sectional Study
|
* Information about a unit of analysis measured once
* Less expensive (but still expensive) |
|
Split-Half Method
|
Internal consistency Approach
* Half of a scale's items measured against the other half * Should be equal for each unit of analysis |
|
Cronbach's Alpha (α)
|
Internal Consistency Approach
* coefficient of reliability * Measures consistency between pairs of individual items on a test * Most reliable on unidimensional tests of concepts * higher number (up to 1) means greater reliability |
|
Face Validity Approach
|
Researcher uses informed judgment to determine if a operational procedure is measuring what it is supposed to measure
|
|
Construct Validity Approach
|
Researcher examines the relationship between a measurement and other concepts to which it should be related
|