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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
parenteral administration
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injection of a drug from a syringe though a hollow needle placed under the skin into a muscle, vein or body cavity
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intracavitary instillation
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injection of drug made into a body cavity, such as the peritoneal or pleural cavity
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pleurodesis
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injection of drug into pleural cavity which causes pleural surfaces to adhere, preventing the build up of fluids in the pleural cavity
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intradermal injection
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shallow injection into upper layers of skin, used for testing for allergic reactions
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subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection (SC) - give example
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injection into tissue below skin, usually on upper arm, thigh or abdomen. Insulin is injected this way. 2 names, abbrev.
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intramuscular injection (IM)
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injection of drug into muscle, usually into buttocks, or upper arm, used when drugs are irritating to skin, or a large quantity is needed (name and abr)
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intrathecal injection
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injection of drugs into space under the meninges (membranes surround brain and spinal cord). ex. methotrexate, a cancertherapeutic drug, for treatment of leukemia involving the spinal cord
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intravenous injection (IV)
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injection directly into vein - used when immediate effect from drug is desired, or when drug cannot be safely introduced into other tissues.
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pumps
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used for continuous administration of drugs by the subcutaneous or intravenous route.
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aerosols
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particles of drug suspended in air
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topical application
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drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membrans of the body
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antiseptics
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drugs to fight infection
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antipruritics
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drugs to fight itching
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transdermal patches
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attached to skin to deliver drugs continuously through the skin.
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ampule
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small sterile glass or plastic container containing a single does of a drug
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7 types of parenteral injections and instillations
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intracavitary, intradermal, intramuscular, intrathecal, intravenous, pumps, subcutaneous
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drug receptor
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target substance in the body with which a drug reacts to produce its effects
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schedule/dose
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exact timing of drug administration/exact amount of drug to be administered
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additive action
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the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each
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antagonistic action
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the combination of two similar drugs produces less than an additive effect.
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synergism (give ex.)
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combination of two drugs causes an effect greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug given alone Ex. - penicillin and streptomycin are given together to fight endocarditis
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response
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desired and beneficial effect of a drug.
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tolerance
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effects of a given dose diminish as treatment continues, and increasing amounts are needed to produce the same effect - a feature of addiction to drugs such as morphine and demerol
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addiction
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physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug and the presence of clear unpleasant effects when that drug or other agent is withdrawn
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Controlled substances
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drugs that produce tolerance and dependence and potential for abuse or addiction
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drug toxicity
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poisonous and potentially dangerous effects of a drug
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Idiosyncrasy
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unpredictable drug toxicity, such as anaphylaxis caused by previous exposure to the drug
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iatrogenic
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caused by treatment
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side effects
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toxic effects that routinely result from the use of a drug, usually tolerable
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contraindications
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factors in a patients condition that make the use of a drug dangerous and ill advised.
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resistance
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lack of beneficial response to a drug, or inability of previously effective drug to continue controlling disease process
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19 categories of drugs
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analgesics, anesthetics, antibiotics, antivirals, anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, anti-alzheimer drugs, antidiabetics, antihistamines, antiosteoporosis drugs, cardiovascular drugs, endocrine drugs, gastrointestinal drugs, respiratory drugs, sedative-hypnotics, stimulants, tranquilizers
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drug toxicity
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poisonous and potentially dangerous effects of a drug
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Idiosyncrasy
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unpredictable drug toxicity, such as anaphylaxis caused by previous exposure to the drug
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iatrogenic
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caused by treatment
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side effects
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toxic effects that routinely result from the use of a drug, usually tolerable
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contraindications
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factors in a patients condition that make the use of a drug dangerous and ill advised.
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resistance
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lack of beneficial response to a drug, or inability of previously effective drug to continue controlling disease process
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19 categories of drugs
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analgesics, anesthetics, antibiotics, antivirals, anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, anti-alzheimer drugs, antidiabetics, antihistamines, antiosteoporosis drugs, cardiovascular drugs, endocrine drugs, gastrointestinal drugs, respiratory drugs, sedative-hypnotics, stimulants, tranquilizers
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PDR
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Physicians Desk Reference - lists several different indices to identify drugs, along with precaustions, side effects, and recommended dosage and administration
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FDA
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Food and Drug Administration - has the legal responsibility for decided whether a drug may be disseminated and sold, sets standards for efficacy, and purity, and testing
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USP
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United States Pharmacopeia - reviews available commercial drugs,a nd continually reappraises their effectiveness - drugs must be safe, effective, and available in pure form
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6 routes of drug administration
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oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral, inhalation, topical
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4 types of topical treatment
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lotions, creams, ointments, transdermal patches
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3 types of oral drug administration
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caplet, tablet, capsule
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6 subdivisions of pharmacology
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medicinal chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, molecular pharmacology, chemotherapy, toxicology
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molecular pharmacology
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subdiv of pharmacology that involves the interaction of drugs and subcellular entities such as DNA, RNA and enzymes - provides info on mechanism of action of drugs
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chemotherapy
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study of drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites, or malignant cells within the body, includes treatment
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toxicology
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study of harmful effects of drugs and chemicals on the body, and finding proper antidotes to harmful effects of drugs
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pharmacodynamics (4 ex)
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study of drug effects in the body, including absorption, distribution into body compartments, metabolism, and excretion
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absorption
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how a drug enters the bloodstream
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drug metabolism
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changes that drugs undergo within the body
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pharmacokinetics
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the mathematical description of drug disposition (appearance and disappearance) in the body over time
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Analgesic
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drug that lessens pain
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narcotic, opioid
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powerful analgesic derived from opium, may produce dependence and tolerance (2 names)
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NSAID
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nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; used to reduce fever, pain and inflammation, and used for joint disorders
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anesthetics
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agents that reduce or eliminates sensation
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general anesthetic
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eliminates all sensation in all tissues of the body - used in surgical procedures, depress the activity of the central nervous system, producing loss of conciousness,and block perception of pain
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local anesthetic
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eliminates sensation in a limited region
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antibiotic
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a chemical substance produced by bacteria, yeast or mold that inhibits or kills bacteria, fungi, or parasites.
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bacteriostatic
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inhibits bacteria, fungi or parasites
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bactericidal
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kills bacteria, fungi or parasites
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anticoagulants
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prevent clotting of blood, prevent formation of clots, or break up clots in blood vessels
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tPA
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Tissue-type plasminogen activator - dissolves clots and opens vessels after myocardial infarction
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antiplatelet drugs
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reduce the tendency of platelets to stick together (aspirin is example)
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anticonvulsant
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prevents or reduces the frequency of convulsions in various types of epilepsy - depress abnormal spontaneous activity of the brain
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antidepressants
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treat symptoms of depression, elevate mood, increasse physical activity and mental alertness, improve appetite and sleep patterns, also can be mild sedative and treat anxiety
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TCAs
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tricyclic antidepressants - increase action of neurotransmitters
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SSRIs
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - increase action of neurotransmitters
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MAOIs
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monoamine oxidase inhibitors - incrase the lenght of time neurotransmitters work by blocking an enzyme that inactivates neurotransm.s
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anti-Alzheimer drugs
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used to treat symptoms of Alzheimers by aiding brain neurotransmitters or shielding brain from glutamate
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glutamate
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a neurotransmitter that at high levels contributes to the death of brain cells
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antidiabetics
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used to treat diabetes mellitus - insulin, or oral _______drugs
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insulin pump
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a device strapped to the patient's waist that periodically delivers a dose of insulin
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antihistamines
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drugs block allergic reactions
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anaphylactic shock
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dyspnea, hypotension and loss of conciousness caused by histamine in severe allergic reactions
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antiemetic
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preventative of nausea
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antiosteoporosis drugs (2 ex.)
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prevent bone loss, increase bone formation (bisphosphonates, and SERMS)
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SERMS
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selective estrogen receptor modulators - increase bone formation
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12 types of cardiovascular drugs
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aspirin, nitroglycerin, digoxin, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, antiarrhythmics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, cardiac glycosides, cholesterol-binding drugs, statins, diuretics
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nitroglycerin
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tablet taken sublingually to dilate cornoary blood vessels
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digoxin
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helps the heart pump more forcefully in heart failure
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ACE inhibitors
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angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors - dilate blood vessels to lower blood pressure, improve the performance of the heart and reduce its workload
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ARBs
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angiotensin II receptor blockers - lower blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels
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angiotensin II
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powerful vasoconstrictor
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antiarrhythmics
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reverse abnormal heart rhythms
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beta-blockers
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decrease muscular tone in blood vessels, leading to vasodilation, decrase output of the heart, and reduce blood pressure by blockin ghte action of epinephrine at receptor sites in the heart muscle
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calcium channel blockers
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dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure by inhibiting the entry of calcium into muscles of the heart and blood vessels where it is necessary for contraction
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cardiac glycosides
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increase the force of contraction of the heart, used to treat heart failure, arrhythmias and fibrillation
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cholesterol-binding drugs
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bind to dietary cholesterol and prevent its uptake for the gastrointestinal tract
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statins
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cholesterol lowering drugs - reduce production of cholesterol in the liver
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diuretics
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reduce the volume of blood in the body by promoting the kidney to remove water and salt through urine - treat hypertension and heart failure
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aromatase inhibitors
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reduce the amount of estrogen in blood, effective against breast cancer
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progestins
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prescribed for abnormal uterine bleeding caused by hormonal imbalance
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GERD
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gastroesophageal reflux disease
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antacids
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neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach
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antiulcer drugs
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block secretion of acid by cells in the linig of the stomach
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antidiarrheal drugs
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decrease peristalsis in the colon
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cathartics (2 types)
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relive constipation (laxative - mild, purgatives - strong)
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antiemetics
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antinauseants - relieve nausea, vomiting and vertigo, dizziness, etc due to layrinthitis
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Anti-TNF drugs
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Anti tumor necrosis factor drugs used to treat autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's and rheumatoid arthritis
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Brochodilators
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open bronchial tubes
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steroid drugs (inhaled, respiratory)
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reduce chronic inflammation of respiratory passageways
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sedative-hypnotics
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medications that depress the central nervous system and promote drowsiness (barbituates)
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stimulants
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drugs that act on the brain to speed up vital processes in cases of shock and collapse, incrase alertness and inhibit hyperactive behavoior in children (amphetamines, caffeine)
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tranquilizers
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used to contol anxiety
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brand name
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commercial name for a drug - trademark
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chemical name
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chemical formula for a drug
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generic name
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legal noncommercial name for a drug
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pharmacist
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specialist in preparing and dispensing drugs
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pharmacologist
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specialist in the study of the properties, uses and actions of drugs
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vitamin
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substance found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth and good health
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bisphosphonate
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prevents bone loss in osteoporosis
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emetic
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promotes vomiting
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glucocorticoid
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raises blood sugar and reduces inflammation
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thyroid hormone
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stimulates cellular metabolism
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aer/o
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R. air
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alges/o
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R. sensitivity to pain
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bronch/o
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R bronchial tube
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chem/o
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r. drug
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cras/o
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R. mixture
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cutane/o; derm/o
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R. skin (2)
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erg/o
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R. work
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esthes/o
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R. feeling, sensation
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hist/o
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R. tissue
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hypn/o
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R. sleep
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iatr/o
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R. treatment
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lingu/o
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R. tongue
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myc/o
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R. mold, fungus
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narc/o
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R. stupor
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or/o
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R. mouth
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pharmac/o
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R. drug
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prurit/o
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R. itching
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pyret/o
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R. fever
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thec/o
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R. sheath (of brain and spinal cord)
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tox/o; toxic/o
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R. poison (2)
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vas/o
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R. vessel
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ven/o
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R. vein
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vit/o
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R. life
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ana-
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P. upward, excessive, again
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anti-
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P. against
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ac
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ante-cibum - before meals
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pc
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post-cibum - after meals
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qh
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quaque hora - every hour
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po
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by mouth - (per os)
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SQ
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subcutaneous
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PCA
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patient-controlled analgesia
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qid
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four times a day (quater in die)
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gtt
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drops (guttae)
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IM
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intramuscular
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subQ
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subcutaneous
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prn
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as needed (pro renata)
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tab
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tablet
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NPO
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Nothing by mouth (nil per os)
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q
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every (quaque)
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tid
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3 times a day (ter in die)
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