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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Metabolism |
sumall chemical reactions in the body |
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cellular metabolism |
Sum of all chemicalreactions occurring in a cell. Metabolic reactionsusually occur in pathways or cycles |
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anabolism |
smallmolecules are built into larger ones; requires ATP (energy) provides material for growth and repair Ex: dehydration synthesis |
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catabolism |
larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releases ATP (energy) Ex: hydrolysis |
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Enzymes |
control rates of both cataboic and anabolic reactions lower thee activation energy necessary to start the reaction (protein catalyst) |
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denaturation |
inactivation of an enzyme due to an irreversible change in its conformation. Resultsin an enzyme being unable to bind to its substrate. |
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Metabolome |
allsmall molecules that are part of the metabolism in a cell, tissue, organ, ororganism |
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Metabolic Pathways |
•Seriesof enzyme-controlled reactions leading to formation of a product •Eachnew substrate is the product of the previous reactionY |
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Energy |
isthe capacity to change something,or the ability to dowork. Ex: Heat, light, sound, electrical energy, mechanical energy, chemical energy |
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Cellular respiration |
processthat transfers energy from molecules, and makes it available for cellular use (use chemical energy) |
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ATP(adenosine Triphosphate) |
carriesenergy in a form the cell can use. •Mainenergy-carrying molecule in the cell; energyfrom ATP breakdown isused for cellular work - Adenine - Ribose (a sugar) - 3 phosphates in achain |
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Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) |
occurs when ATP loses terminal phosphate |
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Genetic information: |
Instructionsto tell cells how toconstruct proteins; stored in DNA sequence |
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Gene: |
Sequenceof DNA that contains information for making 1 protein |
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Genome: |
Completeset of genetic information in a cell |
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Exome: |
Smallportion of the genome that codes for proteins |
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Gene Expression: |
Controlof which proteins are produced in each cell type, in what amount, and under which circumstances |
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Nucleotides |
building blocks of DNA. Made up of 5 carbon sugar, deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base(adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine) |
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DNA Replication |
processthat produces an exact copy of a DNA molecule; occurs during interphase |
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triplet code |
asequence of 3 nucleotides that represents an amino acid, or signals beginningor end of a protein |
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RNA (ribonucleic acid) |
copiesand transfers information from DNA to the cytoplasm |
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Messenger RNA (mRNA): |
Carriesgenetic code from DNA to ribosome |
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Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
alignsamino acids during protein synthesis, along the mRNA strand on the ribosome |
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): |
Comprisesribosome |
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Transcription |
Processof copying DNA sequenceonto an RNA sequence |
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Translation |
Processof converting the genetic code, carried by mRNA, into a sequence of amino acidsthat becomes a protein |
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mutations |
Changesin the DNA sequence; generally occurs when bases are changed added, or deleted. |
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spontaneous mutation |
due to insertion of unstable base into DNA sequence |
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induced |
due to exposure to mutagens, chemicals or radiation that cause mutation |
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DNA Repair |
Correctionof a mismatched nucleotide by a Repair Enzyme |
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Tissues: |
Groupsof similar cells with a common function |
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histology |
the study of tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous) |
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tight junctions |
-membranes between cells merge and fuse -located among cells that form linings, sheetlike layers -blood-brain barrier |
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desmosomes |
-form "spot welds" between cells -structural reinforcement -Located among outer skin cells |
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gap junctions |
-tubular channels between cells
-molecules can move between cells -located in cardiac muscle cells |
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nanotechnology |
uses structuressmaller than 100 nm in at least 1 direction, to help medications cross thebarrier |
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simple squamous (lines lungs air sacs) |
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pseudostratified columnar (in the lungs) |
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simple cuboidal (Kidneys, thyroid) |
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simple columnar (stomach, intestines) |
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stratified squamous (oral cavity, vagina, anal cavity) |
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stratified cuboidal (salivary glands, sweat glands) |
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transitional (urinary bladder, ureters) |
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stratified columnar (male urethera, ducts of exocrine glands) |
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Glandular Epithelium: |
Composedof cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids |
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Endocrine glands |
secreteinto tissue fluid or blood |
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exocrine glands |
secreteinto ducts that open onto surface |
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Unicellular |
Composedof one cell, such as a goblet cell (secretes mucus) |
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multicellular |
•Composed of manycells • Sweat glands,salivary glands, etc. • Simple or compound |
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merocrine glands |
Secrete fluid products by exocytosis; salivary & sweatglands, pancreas |
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Apocrine Glands: |
Lose small part of cell during secretion; mammary &ceruminous glands |
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Holocrine Glands: |
Releaseentire cells filled with product; sebaceous glands |
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fibroblast |
most common fixed cell
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macrophages |
defend against infection |
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mast cells |
•Large, fixed cells •Release heparin toprevent blood clotting•Release histamine,which causes inflammatory response |
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collagen fibers |
•Thick threads ofcollagen, the body’s main structural protein •Great tensilestrength and flexible, slightly elastic •Found in ligamentsand tendons |
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Elastic Fibers |
•Composed of elastinprotein; branching •Can stretch andreturn to original shape •Not as strong ascollagen fibers •Found in vocal cords,respiratory air passages |
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Reticular Fibers |
•Thin, branchingfibers of collagen•Form delicate,supporting networks•Found in spleen,liver |
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areolar |
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adipose |
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reticular |
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dense regular |
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dense irregular |
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elastic |
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blood |
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bone |
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elastic cartilage |
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fibrocartilage |
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hyaline cartilage |
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epithelial membranes |
composed of epithelial and connective tissue; cover body surfaces and line cavities
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serous membranes |
line body cavities that do not open to outside of the body |
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mucous membranes |
line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of body |
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cutaneous membrane |
covers body surface (skin) |
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synovial membranes |
composed entirely of connective tissue (lines joint cavities)
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smooth muscle tissue |
spindle-shaped walls of organs and blood vessels (involuntary) |
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cardiac muscle tissue |
only in wall of heart intercalated discs |
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nervous tissue |
found in brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves; main cells are neurons |
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neuroglia |
support and nourish neurons |
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organ |
two or more types of tissues grouped together and performing specialized functions |
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integumentary system |
the skin, hair, nails, glands, sensory receptors |
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epidermis |
outer layer of skin basement membrane between epidermis and dermis |
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dermis |
inner layer of skin; contains collagenous and elastic fibers |
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subcutaneous layer |
beneath dermis; insulating layer; contains blood vessels |
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keratinocytes |
produce the protein keratin which helps protect the skin and underlying tissue from heat, microbes, etc. |
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keratin |
tough, fibrous, waterproof protein made and stored in the cells |
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keratinization |
process of hardening dehydration, and keratin accumulation that occurs in the epidermal cells as they migrate outward |
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melanocytes |
produce the dark pigment melanin; provides skin color. |
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Stratum basale |
deepest single layer of epidermis |
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Stratum spinosum |
•providesstrength and flexibility to the skin |
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Stratum granulosum |
•transition between the deeper, metabolically activestrata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata |
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Stratum lucidum: |
•presentonly in the fingers tips, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. |
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Stratum corneum: |
•25to 30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids–continuously shed |
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three things that effect skin color |
hereditary factors environmental factors physiological factors |