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55 Cards in this Set
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- Back
1690 |
Champagne as a sparkling wine was originated, thanks to 2 key developments: - stronger glass made by British using coal instead of wood. - cork started to be used as airtight closure. |
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1810 , 1832 , 1835 , 1890 |
1810= was discovered that the addition of sugar to a still wine produced a sparkle. 1832= veuve cliquot (or her manager) developed a system of remuage, from flat tables to pupitres. 1835= people worked out how much sugar to add to achieve 5-6 pressure atmospheres. 1890= invented the method of disgorgement by freezing the neck of the bottle. |
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name the Champagne 5 districts |
-montagne de reims -vallee de la marne -cote des blanc -cote de sezanne -cote de bar The first 4 are in the Marne department, while the last one is in the Aube (closer to Chablis than to Reims) |
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Montagne de Reims |
The most northerly. Mainly Pinot noir, but also a bit of p.meunier and chardonnay. These wines contribute the backbone to the blend, the bouquet, firm acidity. Many premier cru and 9 grand cru. |
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Vallee de la Marne |
Geographically the largest area, mostly flat, the slopes catch most of the sun. Mostly p.meunier because more resistant to spring frost, some p.noir. Fullest, roundest and ripest wines with plenty of aromas. Many premier cru, just 2 grand cru. |
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Cote des Blanc |
Area top for chardonnay, some p.noir. East facing slopes. Freshness and finesse to the blend. 6 grand cru. |
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Cote de Sezanne |
Small area, mostly chardonnay. No grand cru and no premier cru. |
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Cote des Bar (Aube) |
Larger area, mostly pre-phylloxera. Mostly p.noir. No grand cru or premier cru. A good amount of the grapes from here go to the big champagne houses. |
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Champagne soil info |
Porous chalk subsoil 300mt thick (marine sediments/fossils) covered by a thin layer of drift. It drains well, yet retains enough water for the vines to survive. The chalk holds the heat and release it back to the vines. High lime content. |
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Secondary varieties used/authorised? |
- Arbane - Petit meslier - P.blanc vrai - P.gris |
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What is the Echelle des Crus? |
* Percentage system used to quality-rate champagne village by village. - Grand cru = 100% - Premier cru = 90 to 99% - Lowest rated villages start at 80% (realistically is a 20 points scale due to various reclassification. Nowadays prices are negotiated between growers) * 12 grand cru until 1985, now 17 * 42 premier cru |
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name the 5 latest entries in the grand cru classification after 1985 |
- Chouilly - Le Mesnil sur oger - Oger - Oiry - Verzy |
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Famous blanc de blancs prestige cuvee |
Deutz- amour de deutz Charles heidsieck- cuvee de millenaires Krug- clos du mesnil Ruinart- dom ruinart Salon- "S" Taittinger- comtes de champagne |
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Famous blanc de noirs prestige cuvee |
Billecart salmon- le clos saint hilaire. Bollinger- vieilles vignes francaises. Krug- clos d'ambonnay. |
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Famous prestige cuvee rose' |
Billecart salmon- cuvee Elisabeth Deutz- cuvee William deutz M&C- Dom perignon Pommery- cuvee Louise pommery Perrier jouet- belle epoque Louis roederer- Cristal Ruinart- dom ruinart Taittinger- comtes de champagne Veuve clicquot- grande dame |
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What is the AOC for still wines from champagne? |
* Coteaux Champenois AOC - styles: white, rosé, red - varieties: chardonnay, p.noir, p.meunier, arbane, p.meslier, p.blanc, p.gris. - min 9% abv - max RS 3 g/l - low quality, high prices - Reds are incredibly the most interesting. Bouzy is the most famous of these wines, but always unreliable. * Top cuvées: Bollinger- la cote aux enfants Joseph Perrier- cumieres rouge Paul bara Egly ouriet Gatinois Laurent Perrier |
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what is Ratafia AOP? |
It's a vin de liqueur (VDL) made in Champagne, made in the same way of the Pineau de Charentes, adding neutral spirit to unfermented grape juice. Famous one: Janisson Baradon. |
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Rosé des Riceys AOP |
- Not part of the Coteaux Champenois AOC. - 100% p.noir rosé made in the commune of Les Riceys, in the Aube. - min 10% abv Grapes are vinified as whole bunches (semi-carbonic maceration). |
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Champagne climate info |
Cold and wet continental climate (but very dry) influenced by the Atlantic, which has a cooling effect on its summer. * major problems: - severe winters so cold to kill the vines. - spring frost, especially in the vallee de la marne, can significantly reduce yields. - hail can destroy a crop. - fluctuating temperatures at flowering time can affect fruit set. |
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Pinot noir in champagne |
The most planted. Long lived wines with a certain finesse. It buds early so is susceptible to frost. Provides backbone, structure and body, depth of fruit; develop biscuit flavours with age. |
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Pinot meunier in champagne |
Second most planted. Flowery notes, fruitiness on the palate, early richness; gives wines immediate appeal, for early consumption. It buds later than the other 2 so less risk from frost (that's why mostly in vallee de la Marne). Develop mushroomy complexity with age. |
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Chardonnay in champagne |
Tends to be steely in youth, gives acidity, elegance. keeps a wine fresh, develop toasty/vanilla flavours as it matures. Greatest potential longevity and greatest finesse. It buds early so at risk from frost. |
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name the 4 pruning systems in champagne |
- Chablis (compulsory for gran cru) - Cordon de Royat - Guyot (single or double) - Vallee de la marne (just for p.meunier) |
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name the 3 presses used in champagne, and regulations |
- the traditional Coquard press (vertical basket press). - the Vaslin horizontal press. -the Willmes horizontal press (more gentle). * only 102lt of must can be extracted from 160kg of grapes. * the Cuvée comes from the first pressing, the highest quality, the first 80lt. * the Taille are the remaining 22lt. |
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Minimum ageing requirements on the lees by the CIVC? |
* 15 months x NV * 36 months x vintage (in practice better wines will be aged for longer, it's a flexibility to suit the wine and the vintage. A wine from a more recent year may be released before a wine from an older vintage) |
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What is Transversage? |
The procedure of filling smallest and largest champagne bottles (quarter and all sizes above Jeroboam). Immediately after disgorgement bottles are emptied inside a pressure tank, dosage is added, then is re-bottled into the required size. |
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Bottle sizes for champagne |
Magnum 1.5lt Jeroboam 3lt Rehoboam 4.5lt Methusalem 6lt Salmanazar 9lt Balthazar 12lt Nebuchadnezzar 15lt |
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CIVC |
Comite' Interprofessionel du Vin de Champagne. Regulatory body, looking after the interests of the growers and the producers, protecting the champagne appellation. Until 1990 it set the price of the grapes. Activities: -manage relations between sellers of grapes and buyers/merchants. -improvement of vine growing techniques. -improvement of winemaking techniques. -protection and development of champagne market. |
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How to make Champagne Rosé |
2 ways: - black grapes are left in contact with the must at the start of fermentation, and it gets its colour from the skins (standard method). - a small amount of still red wine is added during the assemblage. |
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LVMH |
French luxury goods company with a strong presence in champagne: Moet&Chandon, Krug, Veuve Cliquot, Ruinart. Spirits brands: Hennessy, Glenmorangie, Ardberg, Belvedere. Wine brands: cloudy bay, cape mentelle, terrazas de los Andes, numanthia, clos de lambrays. From 1998 stakeholder in Ch.d'Yquem, and its Chief executive is now co-owner of cheval blanc. Chandon brand: Argentina, Brazil, US, Australia, China, India. |
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Describe the laws governing reserve wines in champagne |
- juice extraction: 20.5hl every 4000kg. - no more than 80% of any year's harvest may be sold as Vintage champagne. - at least 20% of any year's harvest is conserved for future blending of NV wines. |
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Name the types of Champagne producers |
NM - negociant manipulant RM - recoltant manipulant CM - cooperative de manipulation RC - recoltant cooperateur MA - marque d'acheteur |
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Best champagne vintages |
02, 04, 08 90, 95, 96, 98 82, 85, 88, 89 |
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Worst champagne vintages |
01, 07 91, 94 80, 87 78 |
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Name the 3 champagne rivers |
- Marne - Aube - Seine |
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What village/abbey was Dom Perignon the cellar master of? |
Hautvillers (vallee de la marne) |
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Grand Cru of Montagne de Reims (9)
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- sillery - puisieulx - Beaumont sur vesle - verzenay - mailly - verzy - louvois - bouzy - ambonnay |
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Grand Cru of Vallée de la Marne (2)
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- ay - tours sur marne |
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Grand Cru of Cote des Blancs (6)
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- chouilly - oiry - oger - le mesnil sur oger - cramant - avize |
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Premier Cru Montagne de Reims (25)
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- bezannes - billy le grand - chamery - chigny les roses - cormontreuil - coulommes la montagne - ecueil - jouy les reims - ludes - les mesneux - montbré - pargny lés reims - rilly la montagne - sacy - sermiers - taissy - tauxieres mutry - trepail - trois puits - vaudemange - villers allerand - villers aux noeuds - ville dommange - villers marmery - vrigny |
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Premier Cru of Vallée de la Marne (8)
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- avenay val d'or - bisseuil - champillon - cumieres - dizy - hautvillers - mareuil sur ay - mutigny |
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Premier Cru of Cote des Blancs (9) |
- bergeres les vertus - cuis - etrechy - grauves - pierry - val des marais (coligny) - vertus - Villeneuve renneville chevigny - voipreux |
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Prestige cuvées major Champagne houses
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- Ayala, cuvée perle d'ayala - Billecart Salmon, nicolas francois billecart - Billecart Salmon, Elisabeth salmon rosé - Billecart Salmon, grande cuvée - Billecart Salmon, clos st.hilaire - Bollinger, la grande année - Bollinger, r.d. - Bollinger, vieilles vignes francaises - Deutz, cuvée william deutz - Deutz, amour de deutz - Diebolt Vallois, fleur de passion - Duval Leroy, femme de champagne - Gosset, celebris - Charles Heidsieck, champagne charlie - Charles Heidsieck, blanc de millenaires - Laurent Perrier, grand siecle - Laurent Perrier, alexandra (rosé) - Mumm, cuvée r.lalou - Bruno Paillard, nec plus ultra - Pommery, cuvée louise - Taittinger, comtes de champagne - Veuve Clicquot, la grande dame - Jacques Selosse, substance - Agrapart, venus - Egly Ouriet, les crayeres - Jacquesson, grand vin signature - Jacquesson, dizy corne bautray - Jacquesson, ay vauzelle terme - Jacquesson, dizy terres rouges - Jacquesson, avize champ cain - Larmandier Bernier, vieille vigne de cramant - Larmandier Bernier, terre de vertus - Philipponnat, clos des goisses |
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Special Club (club tresors de champagne) rules
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- viticulture must occur on the estate (just RM may join). - vinification and bottling must occur on the estate. - members must respect and uphold the Club's charter. - the Special Club is the top of the range, prestige cuvée for all members. - the Club Tresors will declare a vintage as being worthy of Special Club prestige cuvées, then each member may decide individually whether or not to produce a Special Club wine. - all base wines and finished Special Club wines must undergo tasting analysis. - all Special Club bottles share an identical label and bottle shape. |
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name some Special Club members
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- paul bara - j. lassalle - salmon - vazart coquart - pierre gimonnet - larmandier pére et fils |
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what is Bouvreaux?
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is the 2nd crop in Champagne vineyards, which rarely ripens, and is typically left on the vine.
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who was the 1st producer to release a Brut Champagne?
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The brut style was pioneered by Perrier-Jouët in the mid-19th Century, originally for their market in England. The 1846 vintage marked the beginning of a new era, they took the brave decision not to add any sugar to their wines destined for the English market. |
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when was the CIVC formally established?
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1941
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what is the max amount (in %) of a RM production that may be from purchased grapes?
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5% (95% must be from estate fruit) |
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what is called the 3rd pressing in Champagne?
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'Rebeche' - by law is between 1-10% of the total production, and by law is sent directly to the distillery to make alcohol. |
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Tete-de-cuvee first vintages….
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- Cristal 1876 - Salon S 1905 - Dom Perignon 1921 - Dom Ruinart 1959 - Bollinger RD 1967 - Bollinger V.V.Francais 1969 - Cristal rosé 1974 - Sir Winston Churchill 1975 - Krug Clos du Mesnil 1979 - Krug Rosé 1983 - Cuvee Elisabeth Salmon 1988 - Krug Clos d'Ambonnay 1995 |
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what is MCR?
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concentrated and rectified grape must used for dosage (mout concentré rectifié).
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how many bottles does a Gyropalette hold?
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504
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how many bottles does a Pupitre hold?
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60(riddling takes 8 weeks to complete)
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what is the French term for the release of older vintages of base wine for use in assemblage?
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Deblocage
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