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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How is white matter organized in the spinal cord? |
Ascending and descending tracts, grouping into columns |
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Spinal cord is protected by: |
Vertebral column, spinal meninges, cerebro spinal fluid, and denticulate ligaments |
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Spinal meninges |
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater |
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What does the enlargement of the spinal cord in the lumbar segments of the spinal cord control? |
The lower limbs |
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What does the enlargement of the spinal cord in the cervical segments of the spinal cord control? |
The upper limbs |
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A strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament |
Filum terminale
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The tapered inferior portion of the spinal cord is called |
conus medullaris |
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Spinal cord is divided into how many segments? |
31 |
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When does elongation of the spinal cord cease? |
4 years old |
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Why is the spinal cord shorter in relation to the spine? |
Elongation of the spine stops at 4, but vertebral column continues to grow. |
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Outermost meninge of the spinal cord |
Dura mater |
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Where are the blood vessels located that supply the spinal cord |
Pia mater |
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Where is the pia mater bound to? |
Tightly bound to the surface of the neural tissue |
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Ligaments that are thickenings of the pia mater |
Denticulate ligaments |
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Subdural space separates what? |
Dura mater and the arachnoid mater |
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The space of the spinal cord that contains cerebro-spinal fluid |
subarachnoid space |
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Epidural space |
space between the dura mater and the wall of vertebral canal |
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Space that contains connective tissue and blood vessels |
Epidural space |
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There is epidural space in the meninges of the.... |
Spinal cord |
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There is no epidural space in the meninges of the... |
Brain |
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Epidural block primarily provides what |
Sensory anasthesia as a method of pain control during labor and delivery |
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Epidural block affects what? |
Spinal nerves in the immediate area of injection |
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Horns of the spinal cord |
Projections of gray matter toward outer surface of the spinal cord |
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Anterior gray horn contains what |
Nerve cell bodies of motor neurons |
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Polio virus affects what area of the spinal cord? |
Anterior horn in the lumbar region |
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Dorsal root ganglia contains what |
cell bodies of sensory neuron |
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Posterior gray horn of the spinal cord contains what? |
Nerve cell bodies of interneuron and terminal axon of the sensory neuron |
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Gray commisures |
Contain axons from one side of the spinal cord to the other within gray matter
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What structures partially divide the spinal cord into left and right sides? |
anterior and posterior median fissure sulcus |
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White matter of spinal cord contains what? |
Bundles of axons that share origins, destination, and function |
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White matter of the spinal cord is dominated by |
Myelinated axons |
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Epineurium |
Outermost connective tissue covering of spinal nerve |
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Perineurium |
Middle layer of spinal nerve |
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Endoneurium |
Innermost layer of spinal nerve |
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Spinal nerves are part of CNS/PNS? |
PNS |
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What do spinal nerves in the CNS do? |
Sensors and effectors in all parts of the body |
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How are spinal nerves named? |
According to the region of the cord from which they emerge |
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Spinal nerves are "mixed" nerves which means... |
They are formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral root. |
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Shingles infect what? How does the rash spread? |
Dorsal root ganglia. Causing a painful rash whose distributioncorresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves. |
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Dorsal root contains what kind of neurons? |
Axons of sensory neurons |
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Ventral root contains what part of neurons? |
Axons of motor neurons |
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Thejoining of the VENTRAL RAMIof adjacent spinal nerves is called |
Nerve plexus |
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Ventral rami of of nerves T2-T12 do not form what? |
Plexus |
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Nerves T2-T12 are called what? |
Intercostal nerves |
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Intercostal nerves connect where? |
Directly to the structures they supply |
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Four major nerve plexus? |
Cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral |
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Cervical plexus |
Ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C5 |
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Brachial plexus location |
Ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1 |
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Lumbar plexus location |
Ventral rami of spinal nerves L1-L4 |
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Sacral Plexus |
Ventral rami of spinal nerves L4-S4 |
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The brachial plexus is organized into |
Trunks and cords |
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Trunks in the brachial plexus is a fusion of what |
Several roots |
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Ulnar, median, and radial nerves are found in what plexus? |
Brachial plexus |
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Injury to the ulnar nerve may result in a condition called |
Claw hand |
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Injury to the radial nerve may result in a condition called |
Wrist drop
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What nerve is affected in carpal tunnel? |
median nerve |
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Femoral nerve is found in what plexus? |
Lumbar plexus |
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Longest nerve in the body |
Sciatic nerve |
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What plexus is the sciatic nerve found? |
Sacral plexus |
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Where does the sciatic nerve divide? |
As it approaches the knee |
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The names of the two branches of the sciatic nerve? |
Tibial and fibular nerves |
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Tibial nerve controls what muscles |
Hamstring muscles and muscles of the superficial and deep posterior compartment of the leg |
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Fibular nerve controls what muscles |
Tibialis anterior and muscles that dorsiflex the foot |
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Obturator nerves location |
Lumbar plexus |
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Obturator nerves control what muscles? |
Most hip adductors and gracilis |
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Largest nerve of the lumbar plexus |
femoral nerve |
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Femoral nerve controls what muscles? |
Quadriceps and sartorius |
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Injury to femoral nerve results in |
An inability to extend the leg andloss of sensation in the skin over anteromedial aspect of the thigh |
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Phrenic nerve is found where? |
Cervical plexus |
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Phrenic nerve controls what? |
Diaphragm muscle |
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What happens when the phrenic nerve is damaged? |
breathing stops |
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Dermatome |
specificregion of the SKIN that is innervated by a specific spinal nerve |
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Reflexes can be classified according to... |
-Development of the reflex -the site of information processing -the nature of the motor response -the complexity of neural circuit involved |
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Somatic reflexes involve what kinds of muscles? |
skeletal |
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Visceral reflexes involve what kinds of muscles? |
Smooth |
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Components of a reflex arc |
a) Sensoryreceptor b) Sensoryneuron c) Integrating center d) Motorneuron e) Effector |
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Integration center |
a part of a reflex arc that receives sensoryinformation and decides how to respond to a change in the body’s condition |
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a part of a reflex arc that receives sensoryinformation and decides how to respond to a change in the body’s condition |
Integration center |
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Effector |
part of a nervous reflex arc that is usually a muscle or gland |
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Where does a sensory neuron synapse go in a monosynaptic reflex |
directly on a motor neuron |
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Where does a sensory neuron synapse go to in a polysynaptic reflex |
An interneuron (one or more) --> motor neuron |
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Polysynaptic reflex is intersegmental in distribution. What does this mean?
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Interneurons of severalsegments of the spinal cord are activated from one sensory neuron |
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Polysynaptic reflex involves reciprocal innervation. What does this mean? |
contraction of one muscleand relaxation of its antagonists |
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Receptor in stretch reflex (EPSP) |
Muscle spindle |
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Function of stretch reflex (EPSP) |
Prevents a muscle from overstretching
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Characteristics of stretch reflex (EPSP) |
1.) Monosynaptic 2.) Ipsilateral 3.) Regulates posture 4.) Activates when muscle elongates 5.) Involves reciprocal innervation |
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Reciprical innervation |
contractionof the intended prime muscle, inhibition of the antagonists reciprocal innervation is process that interneurons inthe spinal cord prevent muscle antagonists from interfering with an intendedmovement |
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A somatic spinal reflex that involves one effector muscle being stimulated while the opposing muscle is inhibited is called |
reciprocal innervation |
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In response to a muscle being stretched a musclespindle initiates a |
Somatic spinal reflex |
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In response to a muscle being stretched a musclespindle initiates a somatic spinal reflex (stretch reflex), that causes: ____ of the agonist muscleand ____ of the antagonist muscle. |
Contraction. Relaxation. |
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In response to a tendon being stretched excessively, atendon organ initiates a somatic spinal reflex (tendon reflex), that causes: ____ of the antagonist muscleand _____ of the agonist muscle |
Contraction. Relaxation. |
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Flexor reflex (EPSP) does what regarding tension? |
Prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension |
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Flexor reflex characteristics
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1.) polysynaptic 2.) ipsilateral 3.) reciprocal inhiibition 4.) Moves limbs away from a painfaul stimulus |
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Reflex that moves limbs away from a painful stimulus |
Flexor reflex |
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Crossed extensor reflex (EPSP) characteristics |
1.) Polysynaptic 2.) Contralateral 3.) Reciprocal innervation 4.) Complementsa withdrawal reflex by making compensatory adjustment on the opposite sideof the body receiving stimulus 5.) Reciprocal inhibition |
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Tendon reflex (IPSP) characteristics |
a) Prevent tearing of muscle and tendons during contraction b) Polysynaptic c) Ipsilateral d) Reciprocal inhibition e) Sensory receptors are called Golgi tendon organ |
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A |
Gray Matter |
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B |
White Matter |
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C |
Spinal Nerve |
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D |
Denticulate Ligament |
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E |
Subarachnoid Space |
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F |
Subdural Space |
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G |
Pia Mater |
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H |
Arachnoid Mater |
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I |
Dura Mater |