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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Why do both bacteria and humans need tryptophan? |
It’s 1 of the 20 amino acids used by all organisms to make proteins |
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How does feedback inhibition help to regulate a metabolic pathway? |
The end product of metabolic pathway controls activity of first enzyme |
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How does feedback inhibition help to regulate a metabolic pathway? |
It allows a cell to adapt quickly to fluctuations in the supply of a substance it needs |
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How does feedback inhibition help to regulate a metabolic pathway? |
It is typically found in anabolic pathways |
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How does feedback inhibition help to regulate a metabolic pathway? |
If the end product accumulates in the cell, the whole pathway is shut down by inhibiting enzyme activity |
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Prokaryotes keep related genes under coordinate control with |
An operon |
Both Lac and trp have these |
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A bacterium that requires energy and raw materials to regulate gene expression |
Cessation of the synthesis of glycine |
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Anabolic pathways such as a trp operon are |
Repressible |
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Catabolic pathways such as the lac operon are |
Inducible |
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Inducible operons are found in what kind of pathways? |
Catabolic |
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In an inducible operon the inducer is often |
The substrate |
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In the pathway being regulated the inducer binds to |
The repressor |
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When the inducer binds to the repressor what does it become? |
Inactive |
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How does the substrate turn the operon on? |
By binding to the repressor and inactivating it |
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What is the next process after Allolactose binds to the repressor protein and inactivates |
Allows transcription of the genes in the operon including human growth factor |
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To cause a culture of bacteria to produce human growth what substance should you add? |
Allolactose |
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RNA polymerase acts at what point in gene expression? |
Transcription |
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Repressors that attach to operators do what? |
Act to block transcription |
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Repressible and inducible operons control gene expression at the level of |
Transcription |
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Gene expression in bacteria is regulated primarily by |
Controlling the transcription of genes into mRNA |
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Controlling the transcription of genes into mRNA is the expression of what |
Gene expression in bacteria is regulated primarily |
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The basics of the regulation of gene expression is common where? |
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
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How can multicellular eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes? |
Multicellular eukaryote have different cells specialized for different functions |
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DNA methylation and histone deacetylation both repress |
Transcription |
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Some cases DNA methylation and histone deacetylation combine |
To silence certain genes |
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RNA polymerase and other necessary proteins can’t make contact with DNA when? |
Genes are tightly packed heterochromatin are usually not transcribed |
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Genetic recombination occurs at what process?Also,is it a mechanism of gene regulation? |
Meiosis and it is not a general mechanism of gene regulation |
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At rare occasions what can eukaryotes do? |
Eukaryotes do not eliminate genes from their genome |
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What kind of operon is used to position related genes near each other? |
Prokaryotic operons |
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What is an example of not being a general mechanism for gene regulation? |
Protecting DNA from mutations |
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What kind of charge does deacetylation cause in histones?Does it increase or decrease? |
Deacetylation causes a positive charge and increases |
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What kind of charge does deacetylation cause in histones?Does it increase or decrease? |
Deacetylation causes a positive charge and increases |
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What happens to DNA when Deacetylation increases the positive charges on histones? |
DNA is bonded tighter to the histones? |
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Tighter packing of the chromatin at the target gene causes what |
Transcription |
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Deacetylation does what kind of packing with the chromatin? |
Tighter packing |
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When a chromatin is packed tightly what happens? |
A tightly packed chromatin is less easily transcribed |
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What kind of sites are used within DNA to increase the rate of transcription and activators bind? |
Enhancers |
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To activate a transcription factor in a eukaryote to stimulate gene expression to a DNA site is called |
An enhancer |
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What kind of protein is bound to DNA to form nucleosomes? |
Histones |
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Can the process of silencing stimulate transcription? |
Silencing inhibits transcription not stimulate |
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Are operons found in eukaryotes? |
No,they are found in prokaryotes |
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Enhancers are |
Distal control elements |
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What distal element would you use to increase the rate of transcription,located with thousands of base pairs away from the promoter upstream or downstream? |
Enhancers |
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