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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ablation |
removal of a part, pathway, or function by one of the following methods: surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, or radiofrequency |
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antiseptic |
a substance that tends to inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms |
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arteriole |
the smallest branch of an artery |
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aseptic technique |
any health care procedure in which precautions are taken to prevent contamination of a person, object, or area by microorganisms |
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azotemia |
the presence of excessive amounts of waste products of metabolism (nitrogenous compounds) in the blood caused by failure of the kidneys to remove urea from the blood. azotemia is characteristic of uremia |
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Bowman's capsule |
the cup-shaped end of a renal tubule containing a glomerulus; aka glomerular capsule |
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calculus |
an abnormal stone formed in the body tissues by an accumulation of mineral salts; usually formed in the gall bladder and kidney; see renal calculus |
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calyx |
the cup-shaped division of the renal pelvis through which urine passes from the renal tubules |
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cortex |
the outer layer of a body organ or structure |
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cystocele |
herniation or downward protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina |
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cystometer |
an instrument that measures bladder capacity in relation to changing pressure |
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cystopexy |
surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall |
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cystoscope |
an instrument used to view the interior of the bladder. it consists of an outer sheath with a lighting system, a scope for viewing, and a passage for catheters and devices used in surgical procedures; may also be referred to as a "cysto." |
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dialysate |
solution that contains water and electrolytes that passes through the artificial kidney to remove excess fluids and wastes from the blood; also called "bath" |
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dialysis |
the process of removing waste products from the blood when the kidneys are unable to do so. hemodialysis involves passing the blood through an artificial kidney for filtering out impurities. peritoneal dialysis involves introducing fluid into the abdomen through a catheter. through the process of osmosis, this fluid draws waste products out of the capillaries into the abdominal cavity. it is then removed from the abdomen via a catheter |
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dwell time |
length of time the dialysis solution stays in the peritoneal cavity during peritoneal dialysis |
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epispadias |
a congential defect (birth defect) in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis at some point near the glans |
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fossa |
a hollow or depression, especially on the surface of the end of a bone. in kidney transplantation the donor kidney is surgically placed in the iliac fossa of the recipient |
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glomerular filtrate |
substances that filter out of the blood through the thin walls of the glomeruli (eg: water, sugar, salts and nitrogenous waste products such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid) |
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glomerulus |
a ball-shaped collection of very tiny coiled and intertwined capillaries, located in the cortex of the kidney |
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hilum |
the depression, or pit, of an organ where the vessels and nerves enter |
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hydrostatic pressure |
the pressure exerted by a liquid |
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hydroureter |
the distension of the ureter with urine due to blockage from an obstruction |
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meatus |
an opening or tunnel through any part of the body, as in the urinary meatus, which is the external opening of the urethra |
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medulla |
the most internal part of a structure or organ |
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micturition |
the act of eliminating urine from the bladder; also called voiding or urination |
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nephrolith |
a kidney stone; aka renal calculus |
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nephrolithiasis |
a condition of kidney stones; aka renal calculi |
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neurogenic bladder |
a bladder dysfunction that results from interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination; may be due to disease of the CNS or peripheral nerves involved in the control of urination |
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palpable |
distinguishable by touch |
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peritoneum |
a specific serous membrane that covers the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained viscera; the inner lining of the abdominal cavity |
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peritonitis |
inflammation of the peritoneum (the membrane lining the abdominal cavity) |
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pyelitis |
inflammation of the renal pelvis |
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radiopaque |
not permitting the passage of X-rays or other radiant energy. radiopaque areas appear white on an exposed x-ray film |
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renal artery |
one of a pair of large arteries, branching from the abdominal aorta, that supplies blood to the kidneys, adrenal glands, and ureters |
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renal calculus |
a stone formation in the kidney (plural: renal calculi) aka nephrolith |
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renal pelvis |
the central collecting part of the kidney that narrows into the large upper end of the ureter. it receives urine through the calyces and drains it into the ureters |
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renal tubule |
a long, twisted tube that leads away from the glomerulus of the kidney to the collecting tubules. as the glomerular filtrate passes through the renal tubules, the water, sugar, and salts are reabsorbed into the bloodstream through the network of capillaries that surround them |
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renal vein |
one of the two vessels that carries blood away from the kidney |
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residual urine |
urine that remains in the bladder after urination |
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solute |
a substance dissolved in a solution, as in the waste products filtered out of the kidney into the urine |
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specific gravity |
the weight of a substance compared with an equal volume of water, which is considered to be the standard. water is considered to have a specific gravity of 1. therefore, a substance with a specific gravity of 2 would be twice as dense as water. |
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turbid |
cloudy |
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uremia |
the presence of excessive amounts of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood; aka azotemia |
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ureter |
one of a pair of tubes that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder |
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ureterectasis |
stretching or dilation of a ureter |
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ureterorrhagia |
excessive flow or discharge of blood from the ureter |
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urethra |
a small tubular structure that drains urine from the bladder to the outside of the body |
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urtheritis |
inflammation of the urethra. characterized by dysuria, is usually the result of an infection of the bladder or kidneys |
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urethropexy |
surgical fixation of the urethra |
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urethrostenosis |
narrowing of the urethra |
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urinary incontinence |
inability to control urination; the inability to retain urine in the bladder |
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urinary retention |
an abnormal involuntary accumulation of urine in the bladder; the inability to empty the bladder |
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urine |
the fluid released by the kidneys, transported by the ureters, retained in the bladder, and eliminated through the urethra. normal urine is clear, straw colored, and slightly acidic |
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vesicocele |
herniation or downward protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina; cystocele |
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vesicovaginal fistula |
an abnormal opening between the urinary bladder and the vagina |
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voiding |
the act of eliminating urine from the body; aka micturition or urination |
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albumin/o |
albumin, protein |
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azot/o |
nitrogen |
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bacteri/o |
bacteria |
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cali/o, calic/o |
calyx, calyces |
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-cele |
herniation or swelling |
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cyst/o |
bladder, sac, or cyst |
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dips/o |
thirst |
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epi- |
upon, over |
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-genic |
pertaining to formation, producing |
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glomerul/o |
glomerulus |
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ket/o, keton/o |
ketone bodies |
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meat/o |
meatus |
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nephr/o |
kidney |
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neur/o |
nerve |
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noct/i |
night |
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olig/o |
few, little, scanty |
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-pexy |
surgical fixation |
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pyel/o |
renal pelvis |
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py/o |
pus |
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ren/o |
kidney |
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-rrhagia |
excessive flow or discharge |
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-stenosis |
tightening or narrowing |
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ureter/o |
ureter |
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urethr/o |
urethra |
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ur/o, urin/o |
urine |
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-uria |
urine condition |
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vesic/o |
urinary bladder
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Common Signs & Symptoms |
pages 688-689 |
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cystitis |
inflammation of the urinary bladder |
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glomerulonephritis (acute) |
an inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidneys |
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hydronephrosis |
distension of the pelvis and calyces of the kidney caused by urine that cannot flow past on obstruction in a ureter |
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nephrotic syndrome |
a group of clinical symptoms occurring when damage to the glomerulus of the kidney is present and large quantities of protein are lost through the glomerular membrane into the urine, resulting in severe proteinuria (presence of large amounts of protein in the urine); aka nephrosis |
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polycystic kidney disease |
a hereditary disorder of the kidneys in which grapelike, fluid-filled sacs or cysts replace normal kidney tissue |
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pyelonephritis |
a bacterial infection of the renal pelvis of the kidney |
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renal cell carcinoma |
a malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in adulthood |
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renal failure, chronic |
progressively slow development of kidney failure occurring over a period of years. the late stages are known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD) |
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vesicoureteral reflux |
an abnormal backflow (reflux) of urine from the bladder to the ureter |
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Wilms' tumor |
a malignant tumor of the kidney occurring predominantly in childhood |
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peritoneal dialysis |
page 694-696 |
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hemodialysis |
the process of removing excess fluids and toxins from the blood by continually shunting the patient's blood from the body into a dialysis machine for filtering and then returning the clean blood to the patient's bloodstream |
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kidney transplantation |
involves the surgical implantation of a healthy human donor kidney into the body of a patient with irreversible renal failure. kidney function is restored with a successful transplant, and the patient no longer depends on dialysis |
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blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
a blood test performed to determine the amount of urea and nitrogen (waste products normally excreted by the kidney) present in the blood |
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catheterization |
the introduction of a catheter (flexible hollow tube) into a body cavity or organ to instill a substance or to remove a fluid |
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creatinine clearance test |
a diagnostic test for kidney function that measures the filtration rate of creatinine, a waste product (of muscle metabolism) normally removed by the kidney |
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cystometrography |
an examination performed to evaluate bladder tone; measuring bladder pressure during filling and voiding |
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cystoscopy |
the process of viewing the interior of the bladder, using a cystoscope |
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extracorporeal lithotripsy |
aka extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. this is a noninvasive mechanical procedure for using sound waves to break up renal calculi so that they can pass through the ureters |
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intravenous pyelogram (IVP) |
aka intravenous pyelography or excretory urogram. this radiographic procedure provides visualization of the entire urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra |
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KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder) |
an x-ray of the lower abdomen that defines the size, shape, and location of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. a contrast medium is not used with this x-ray |
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renal angiography |
x-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the renal blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium |
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renal scan |
a procedure in which a radioactive isotope (tracer) is injected intravenously, and the radioactivity over each kidney is measured as the tracer passes through the kidney |
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retrograde pyelogram (RP) |
a radiographic procedure in which small-caliber catheters are passed through a cystoscope into the ureters to visualize the ureters and the renal pelvis |
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ultrasonography |
aka ultrasound. this is a procedure in which sound waves are transmitted into the body structures as a small transducer is passed over the patient's skin |
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urinalysis |
a physical, chemical, or microscopic examination of urine |
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urine culture |
a procedure used to cultivate the growth of bacteria present in a urine specimen for proper microscopic identification of the specific pathogen (disease-producing microorganism) |
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24-hour urine specimen |
a collection of all of the urine excreted by the individual over a 24 hour period. the urine is collected in one large container. this urine specimen is also called composite urine specimen |
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voiding cystourethrography |
x-ray visualization of the bladder and urethra during the voiding process, after the bladder has been filled with a contrast material |
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catheterized specimen |
using aseptic techniques, a very small straight catheter is inserted into the bladder via the urethra to withdraw a urine specimen. the urine flows through the catheter into a sterile specimen container
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clean-catch specimen |
this collection is used to avoid contamination of the urine specimen from the microorganisms normally present on the external genitalia |
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first-voided specimen |
the patient is instructed to collect the first-voided specimen of the morning and to refrigerate it until it can be taken to the medical office or lab. |
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random specimen |
a urine specimen that is collected at anytime |
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residual urine specimen |
a residual urine specimen is obtained by catheterization after the patient empties the bladder by voiding. the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after voiding is noted as the residual amount |
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ADH |
antidiuretic hormone |
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AGN |
acute glomerular nephritis |
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ARF |
acute renal failure |
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BUN |
blood urea nitrogen |
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CAPD |
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis |
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CCPD |
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis |
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CRF |
chronic renal failure |
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C & S |
culture and sensitivity |
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Cysto |
cystoscopy |
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EPO |
erythropoietin |
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ERSD |
end-stage renal disease |
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ESWL |
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy |
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GFR |
glomerular filtration rate |
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HD |
hemodialysis |
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IVP |
intravenous pyelogram |
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KUB |
kidneys, ureters, bladder |
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RP |
retrograde pyelogram |
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sp.gr. |
specific gravity |
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UA |
urinalysis |
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UTI |
urinary tract infection |
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VCUG |
voiding cystourethrogram |