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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Initial Credibility
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the credibility of a speaker before he or she speaks
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Terminal Credibility
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the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech
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Four basic methods of reasoning and how to use them
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1) Reasoning from specific instances- progress from a number of facts-conclusion
2) Reasoning from principle- general principle to specific conclusion 3) Casual Reasoning- establish the relationship between cause and effect 4) Analogical Reasoning- a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first cause is true for the second |
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Derived Credibility
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the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech
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Tips for using evidence (4)
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1) Use specific evidence
2) Use novel evidence 3) Use from credible sources 4) Make clear the point of your evidence |
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Fallacies of reasoning (5)
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1) Red-Herring
2) Ad Hominem 3) Either-or 4) Bandwagon 5) Slippery Slope |
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Red-Herring
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introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
Topic A is under discussion. Topic B is introduced under the guise of being relevant to topic A (when topic B is actually not relevant to topic A). Topic A is abandoned. |
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Ad Hominem
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attacks the person rather than dealing with the issue
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Either-or
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forces listeners to choose between 2 alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
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Bandwagon
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assumes that because something is popular, it is good, correct, or desirable
Person P is pressured by his/her peers or threatened with rejection. Therefore person P's claim X is false. |
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Slippery Slope
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assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
Event X has occurred (or will or might occur). Therefore event Y will inevitably happen. |