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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Immunity |
Ability to ward off disease caused by microbes or their products to protect against environmental agents such as pollen, durgs, food, chemicals, and animal hair |
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Defenses designed to |
Keep microorgansisms out Remove microbes if they do get in Combat them if they remain inside |
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Susceptibility |
Lack of immunity |
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Nonspecific or innate immunity |
Present at birth Always present Responds rpaidly Acts against all microbes int he same way does not involve specific recognition or memory |
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First Line of defense |
Skin and mucous membranes Physical factors Chemical factors |
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First line of defnese physical factors |
Barrirers to entry or processes that remove microbes |
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First line of defense chemical factors |
substances made by the body that inhibit microbial growht or that destroy microbes |
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Dermis |
inner, thicker made up of connective tissue |
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Epidermis |
outer thinner direct contact with the environment |
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Physical factors contribute to effective barrier |
Closely packed cells Continous layers Keratin Dryness Shedding of cells |
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Lacrimal appartus |
Continual washing action of tears helps keep microorganisms from setting on the surface of the eye |
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Salivary gland |
saliva helps dilute the nubmers of microbes present and washes them from the surface of the teeth and mouth |
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Mucus |
traps microbes |
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Hairs of the nose |
filter inhaled air and trap microbes, dust and other pollutants |
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Cilia of the lower respiratory tract |
propel microbes and dust upward toward the throat |
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Urine and vaginal secretions |
move microbes out and prevent colonization |
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Sebum |
an oily substance produced in the sebaceous gland |
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Perspiration |
produced by sweat glands Helps maintain body temp, eleminate waste, flush microbes, contians lysozyme |
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Gastric juices |
Producesd by glands in the stomach consists of HCL, enzymes and mucus Very high acidity |
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Second line of defense |
Phagocytosis Inflammation Fever antimicrobial cells and substances |
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Formed elements of blood |
erythrocytes, leukocytes, thromobocytes |
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Liquid elements |
Serum: without clotting factors Plasma: with clotting factors |
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Leukocytosis |
Increase of white blood cells during bacterial infection |
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Leukopenia |
Decrease in white blood cell count |
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Differential Wbc Count |
percetange of each type found in 100 cells |
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Granulocytes |
presence of franules in the cytoplasma. Neutrophils |
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Monocytes |
become macrophages after leaving circulating blood |
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Lymphocytes |
active in specific immunity |
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Phagogystosis |
Ingestion of a microorganism or other particles by a cell
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Mechanism of phagocytosis |
Chemotaxis Adherence Ingesion (Formation of phagosome) Digestion Discharge of waste material |
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Microbial evasion of phagocytosis |
Inhibit adhesion: Capsules, M proteins INgested but not killed Secretion of membrane attack complexes Survive inside phagocytes |
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Inflammation |
Tissue damage that triggers defnesive response |
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Causes of inflamation |
microbial infection, heat, electricitiy, sharp objects, chemicals |
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4 signs of inflmmation |
redness, pain, heat sweling |
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Functions of inflmation |
destroy the agent and remove by products from the body destruction is not possible: limit the effects by confining or walling it off Repair or replace tissue damaged |
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Stages of inflammation |
Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels Phagocytic migration and phagocytosis Tissue repair |
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Tissue damage |
Chemicals such as histamine, kinis, protaglandins, and leukotrienes released by damaged cells. Blood clot forms Abcess starts to form |
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Vasodilation/increased permeability |
Vasodilation icnreases the diameter of the blood vessel, increasing the flow of blood to the affected area
Increased permeability permits defenseive materials to pass thru the walls of the blood vessels and enter the injured area |
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Phagocytic migration |
Netrophils appear first Monocytes follow and differentiate into macrophages Macrophages are larger and can phagocytize damaged tissue, damaged neutrophisl as well as the microbes |
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Tissue repair |
Process by which tissues replace dead or damaged cells Ability of a tissue to repair itself is dependent on the type of tissue invovled - skin vs cardiac muscle |
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Fever |
Elevated high body temp produced in reponse to a bacterial or viral infection
Speeds up body's reaction Complication of fever can include dehydration, seizures in young children, acidosis |
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Complement system |
Causes cytosis of microbes promotes phagocytosis, contributes to inflammation |
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interferons |
protects uninfected cells form viral infections
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Transferrins |
Inhitbits grwoth of bacteria by reducing availbe iron |
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Antrimicrobial pepdies |
Cause lysis of bacteria |
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Natural killer cells |
ill infected target cells which are then phagyctized |