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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones? |
Transportation |
|
Blood helps regulate the pH and the temperature of the body. |
True |
|
Blood is correctly classified as a(n): |
tissue |
|
The "buffy" coat of the middle layer of a centrifuged blood sample is composed of: |
platelets and leukocytes. |
|
When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the: |
erthrocytes |
|
The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of: |
erythrocytes in the blood. |
|
If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely: |
decrease |
|
The most numerous of the formed elements, by far, are the: |
erythrocytes |
|
One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will: |
decrease |
|
One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to: |
increase the viscosity of the blood. |
|
Natural killer cells derive from T-lymphoblasts and monocytes derive from the granulocyte line |
true |
|
During hemopoiesis, the lymphoid line forms lymphocytes only |
True |
|
The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called: |
hemopoiesis |
|
Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes |
a,b,e |
|
Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B |
b,c,f |
|
The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are |
found on the surface of erythrocytes |
|
Which is going to result in significant agglutination? |
Donor is Type AB, Recipient is Type B |
|
The main function of leukocytes is to |
defend against pathogens. |
|
Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules |
b,c,e |
|
Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes |
c,d |
|
The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n) |
neutrophil |
|
T-cells are a category of |
lymphocytes |
|
The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n) |
monocyte |
|
Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes? |
neutrophils |
|
Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes? |
Basophils |
|
The first phase in hemostasis is |
vascular spasm |
|
When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system. |
sympathetic |
|
To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers |
vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate. |
|
In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, number 2 indicates: |
erythrocytes |
|
In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, what blood components are contained in the layer labeled number 3? |
Leukocytes and platelets |
|
The blood type of a person missing the surface antigen D is Rh-positive. |
false |
|
The main functions of the cardiovascular system are the transport and exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body. |
True |
|
Which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body? a: There is a unidirectional blood flow. b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood. c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood. d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart. e: Veins carry blood toward the heart. |
a,d,e |
|
The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lung. The pulmonary trunk is a(n) _________. |
artery |
|
Arteries carry blood toward the heart, while veins carry blood away from the heart. |
false |
|
The receiving chambers of the heart are the atria, and the forcefully pumping chambers of the heart are the ventricles. |
true |
|
Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? |
pulmonary veins |
|
Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions? |
Systemic circuit |
|
Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries? |
Pulmonary circuit |
|
The left ventricle and aorta are part of which circuit of the cardiovascular system? |
Systemic circuit |
|
Which heart chambers would contain deoxygenated blood? |
Left atrium and left ventricle |
|
Which pair is located more anteriorly in a heart in normal position? |
Right atrium and right ventricle |
|
The epicardium is another name for the: |
visceral layer of the serous pericardium. |
|
The serous fluid within the pericardial cavity works to: |
lubricate membranes of the pericardium |
|
The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the: |
myocardium |
|
Which describes the endocardium? a: Has single layer of epithelium b: Has layer of areolar connective tissue c: Epithelial cells are squamous d: Epithelial cells are cuboidal e: Has layer of adipose connective tissue f: Has patches of myocardium |
a,b,c |
|
The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the: |
chordae tendineae |
|
The heart valves: |
permit the passage of blood in one direction |
|
Which action leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve? |
Contraction of the right ventricle |
|
How many half-moon shaped, pocketlike cusps are found in each semilunar valve? |
3 |
|
Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax? |
aortic semilunar valve |
|
As blood is pumped out of the heart and into the major arteries leaving the heart, it: |
pushes against the semilunar valves and opens them. |
|
What part of the cardiac conduction system is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava? |
SA node |
|
During ventricular systole: |
only the AV valves close. |
|
The opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by |
pressure changes of alternating contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle. |
|
Blood moves into and then out of a heart chamber because: |
it moves along its pressure gradient, and that gradient depends on contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle. |
|
Immediately prior to atrial systole, blood continues to enter the atria from the venae cavae and pulmonary veins. |
true |
|
The shutting of the semilunar valves occurs during which phase? |
Early ventricular diastole |
|
Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped: |
by a single ventricle in one minute. |
|
Cardiac output equals the: |
heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. |
|
Cardiac reserve is: |
the increase in cardiac output an individual is capable of demonstrating during vigorous exercise. |
|
Cardiac reserve is greater in a nonathletic individual than in a highly trained athlete. |
False |
|
Preload is the stretch of the heart wall as determined by the amount of blood returned by the veins. |
True |
|
Which of the following would cause a decrease in cardiac output? |
An increase in afterload |
|
Parasympathetic innervation of the heart occurs via: |
CN X |
|
Parasympathetic innervation influences the heart rate, but generally tends to have no direct effect on the force of contractions. |
True |
|
In this figure showing an anterior view of the heart, the left atrium is noted by number: |
4 |
|
In this figure showing an anterior view of the heart, what is depicted by number 7? |
Right atrioventricular valve |
|
The left ventricle walls are typically thicker than the right ventricular wall. |
True |
|
It is the contraction of the atria during atrial systole that completes the filling of the ventricles while the ventricles are in diastole. |
True |
|
During ventricular contraction the semilunar valves close in order to permit the blood to enter the large arterial trunks that carry blood away from the heart. |
False |
|
Though the autonomic innervation by autonomic centers in the brainstem cannot initiate a heartbeat, it can increase or decrease the heart rate. |
True |
|
The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells. |
tunica media |
|
Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the __________ and the tissues of the body. |
capillaries |
|
As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries: |
get smaller |
|
The largest arteries of the body are classified as: |
elastic arteries |
|
Which is the most common type of capillary? |
continuous |
|
Valves in veins: |
cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction. |
|
Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood? |
systemic veins |
|
A portal system: |
is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart. |
|
Oxygen and carbon dioxiode are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of: |
diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration |
|
Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption? |
Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood. |
|
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to: |
the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption. |
|
Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the: |
net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure. |
|
If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be: |
above normal |
|
Blood hydrostatic pressure in systemic capillaries is greater than interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure. |
True |
|
The higher the degree of vascularization in a tissue, the greater the potential for local blood flow. |
True |
|
Tendons and ligaments have |
a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing. |
|
Blood pressure is lowest in: |
veins |
|
Systolic blood pressure is recorded: |
in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction. |
|
The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel: |
is called blood pressure |
|
If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be: |
50 mm Hg |
|
The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins. |
True |
|
The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires: |
intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases. |
|
Increased cardiac output ______ the blood pressure. |
increases |
|
Epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure. |
true |
|
Increases in angiotensin II levels cause decreases in blood pressure. |
True |
|
Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure. |
opposite |
|
Systolic pressure is greater than diastolic pressure due to the force generated by ventricular contraction |
True |
|
Lymphatic capillaries originate in the: |
tissue spaces between cells. |
|
Lymph is transported through a network of increasingly larger lymphatic passageways. What is the correct order of these, from smallest diameter to largest diameter? |
Capillaries - vessels - trunks - ducts |
|
The pulsing of arteries that are adjacent to lymphatic vessels provides a pressure on the vessels that helps them propel the lymph. |
True |
|
The thoracic duct collects lymph from all of the following except the: |
right arm |
|
The term "primary lymphatic structure" applies: |
to the red bone marrow and thymus. |
|
Where do T-lymphocytes mature? |
thymus gland |
|
Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the: |
small intestine |
|
Which lymphatic organ contains red pulp and white pulp? |
Spleen |
|
The thymus gland begins to atrophy immediately after birth. |
False |
|
Lymphatic capillaries |
originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks. |
|
The lymphatic system's two main functions are to assist in: |
immunity and fluid balance. |
|
The walls of the smallest lymphatic vessels contain muscle tissue that rhythmically propels lymph through the system. |
False |
|
The thymus is at its maximum size: |
at puberty |
|
This figure shows the lymphatic system. What structure does number 8 indicate? |
spleen |
|
Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies? |
protection |
|
Oxygen poor blood is _________ in color. |
dark red |
|
The viscosity of blood is ________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _______ proportional to the amount of fluid. |
directly, indirectly |
|
Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ . |
basic, proteins |
|
A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure: |
decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space. |
|
An individual's hematocrit would vary with: |
All of the choices are correct |
|
Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma: |
electrolytes |
|
The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes: |
lack a nucleus and organelles. |
|
The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to: |
both oxygen and carbon dioxide |
|
In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _________ line. |
myeloid |
|
The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days. |
120 |
|
Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the: |
liver and spleen |
|
Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group |
b, e |
|
When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a: |
white blood cell differential count. |
|
Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line? |
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes |
|
In young children, hemopoiesis occurs in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in: |
flat bones of the axial skeleton. |
|
In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, which number indicates the layer containing water, plasma proteins, nutrients, and waste products? |
1 |
|
Occlusion of blood vessels tends to lead to: |
inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues. |
|
The base of the heart faces in the _____________ directions. |
posterior and superior |
|
The pericardial cavity is between the: |
visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium. |
|
The pericardium helps prevent overfilling of the heart and it lessens the friction of movements during heartbeats. |
true |
|
SA nodal cells are autorhythmic. |
true |
|
Vagal tone refers to the: |
decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation |
|
What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle? a: AV node b: AV bundle c: SA node d: Through the atria e: Through the ventricles f: Bundle branches g: Purkinje fibers |
c, d, a, b, f, g, e |
|
Someone with a heart block would have: |
a long P-R intervl |
|
During a cardiac cycle, how many of the four chambers contract at any one time? |
2 |
|
Coronary vessels are open when the heart is: |
relaxed |
|
Which correctly describes the heart's apex? |
Projects slightly anteroinferiorly toward the left side of the body |
|
Which type of muscle cell exhibits a longer refractory period? |
cardic muscle cell |
|
In an ECG, what does the T wave denote? |
repolarization of the ventricles |
|
In an EKG, the P wave is generated when the: |
atria depolarize |
|
Which segment of the ECG reflects the plateau phase of ventricular muscle cells' action potentials? |
S-T segment |
|
Sympathetic innervation of the heart:a: increases the heart rateb: decreases the heart ratec: increases the force of contractionsd: decreases the force of contractionse: has no effect on contraction force |
a,c |
|
Purkinje fibers are small fibers within the atria that conduct impulses rapidly. |
false |
|
Precapillary sphincters will: |
all of these answers are correct |
|
If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would: |
be higher than normal |
|
Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to: |
reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid. |
|
The higher the degree of vascularization in a tissue, the greater the potential for local blood flow. |
true |
|
If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be: |
regression of blood vessels in adipose and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. |
|
At a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor: |
stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow. |
|
Peripheral resistance is: |
directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius. |
|
Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would be: |
low viscosity and therefore have low resistance. |
|
Atherosclerosis involves a: |
sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow. |
|
Which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava? |
hepatic veins |
|
The liver receives oxygenated blood from the common hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein. |
true |
|
Which fluid does lymph most closely resemble? |
interstitial fluid |
|
Lymph contains several red blood cells. |
false |
|
The force that drives fluid into lymphatic capillaries is: |
hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial space. |
|
Which is not a function of the spleen? |
filters lymph |
|
The walls of lymphatic capillaries are only one cell thick. |
true |
|
Lymphatic capillaries: |
lack a basement membrane |
|
This figure shows a lymph node and its components. To which feature does 4 refer? |
efferent lymphatic vessel |