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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Consciousness: |
our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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Conscious awareness: |
lets us exert voluntary control and communicate our mental states to others |
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Subconscious: |
Reacting to stimuli below our conscious awareness |
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We parallel process many things very quickly in: |
our subconscious |
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we are serially processing on a slower rate in: |
our conscious |
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Novel tasks require: |
conscious proessing |
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Jerome Singer (1975) |
found that nearly all have fantasies. Young adults have more that are sexual |
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Sexual fantasies do not indicate: |
sexual problems |
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Daydreams are: |
adaptive, release impulses, help plan, and enhance cognitive and social development |
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Violence and drug issues result in: |
fewer fantasies |
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Annual Cycles ex.) : |
Seasonal Effective Disorder (SAD) |
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28 day cycles ex.) : |
menopause |
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24 hour cycles ex.) : |
varying alertness, temperature, and growth hormone secretion |
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90 minute cycles ex.) : |
sleep stages |
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Circadian Rhythm: |
biological clock that regulates our body rhythms of temperature and wakefulness on a 24 hour cycle. |
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Our temperature rises in: |
morning |
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Our temperature peaks: |
during the day |
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Our temperature lowers in: |
the evening |
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We think sharpest and have our best memory at: |
our circadian peak |
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Old people's Circadian peak is: |
in the a.m. |
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Younger people's Circadian peak is: |
in the p.m. |
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Jet lag: |
occurs when we are awake when our circadian rhythm needs sleep. Sunlight and being outdoors helps. |
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PMS: |
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. causes irritation, mood swings, weight fluctuation, and breast tenderness |
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NREM1: |
state between sleep and wakefulness. muscles are active, eyes roll slowly, opening and closing momentarily. |
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NREM2: |
sleepers become gradually harder to awaken. Previous stage interrupted by activity called sleep spindles and K-complexes. |
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NREM3: |
stage is called slow-wave sleep (SWS). Less responsive to environment, many environmental stimuli no longer produce any reaction |
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REM (Rapid Eye Movement): |
most muscles are paralyzed, acetylcholine (ACH) secretion, inhibited by neurons that secrete serotonin. Signs indicate arousal. |
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Each sleep stage lasts: |
90 minutes |
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Sleep stage order: |
NREM1 NREM2 NREM3 NREM2 REM |
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Alpha waves: |
slow brain waves, waves of a relaxed awake person. |
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Delta waves: |
large slow brain waves of a person in deep sleep |
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Sleep debt: |
our brain keeps a 2 week log and one night of long sleep wont pay it off. |
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Sleep deprivation causes: |
low energy, weakened immunity, more accident prone, irritable, fatigue, and increases obesity. |
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Sleep deprivation alters metabolic and hormonal functions in ways that: |
mimic aging and are conducive to obesity, hypertension, and memory impairment |
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Sleep functions: |
recuperate: restores brain and body tissue.
grow: pituitary gland releases growth hormone.
helps rebuild and restore memories of the day's experience |
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Insomnia: |
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
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Sleeping pills and alcohol aggravate: |
Insomnia because they reduce REM sleep |
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Narcolepsy: |
periodic overwhelming sleepiness, usually lasts less than 5 minutes. Sometimes you fall right into REM sleep. |
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People with Narcolepsy have an absence of: |
hypothalamic neural center that produces hyporetin |
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Sleep apnea: |
when you stop breathing during sleep. Followed by arousal and breathing/snorting. Happens to 1 in 20 people. Can happen 400 times per night. |
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Sleep apnea increases by: |
obesity |
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sleep apnea deprives you of: |
Slow wave sleep (Delta waves) |
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Night terrors: |
mostly affects children. May sit up, walk around, talk incoherently, have double heart and breath rate, and appear terrified. They wake up and recall little or nothing the next morning. |
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Sleep walking and talking: |
runs in families. Usually harmless and not recalled. Usually decreases as the child ages, rare after age 40. |
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Lucid Dreams: |
sufficiently awake during a dream to wonder if we are dreaming. We might test our state of consciousness. You can control dream. |
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In REM sleep we respond to some stimuli such as: |
water spraying. |
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Manifest content: |
According to Sigmund Freud, the story line of our dream that we remember. Censored version of Latent content. |
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Latent content: |
According to Sigmund Freud, the conscious drives and wishes in our dream that would be threatening if expressed directly. You don't remember Latent content. |
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Activation-synthesis theory: |
theory that dreams spring from the minds efforts to make sense of unrelated visual bursts which are given their emotional tone by the limbic system. |
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REM rebound: |
our tendency to return quickly to REM sleep (and stay in REM sleep longer) after being awakened. |
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Hypnosis: |
Social interaction where the hypnotist suggests to the subject that certain perceptions and thoughts are real |
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Posthypnotic amnesia: |
told to forget what happens during hypnosis after you are out of the state of hypnosis. Forgotten material can be remembered on cues. |
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Hypnosis cannot: |
recall forgotten events, force people to act against their will, help smoking or nail chewing. |
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Hypnosis can: |
make people dip their hands in acid, help asthma, help headaches, help warts, help skin disorders,help obesity, and alleviate pain. |
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Hypnosis theory 1: Dissociation |
you are split between different levels of consciousness. |
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Hypnosis theory 2: Selective attention: |
pain is received in sensory cortex but nowhere else. |
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Hypnotic phenomenon: |
extension of everyday behavior. You act like you think you should. |
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Divided consciousness: |
dissociate cognition from behavior |
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Psychoactive drugs: |
chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods. |
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Tolerance: |
continued use of psychoactive drugs, causes you to need more to feel the same high. |
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Neuroadaptations: |
body's defense to change within the body |
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Withdrawal: |
body's reaction to removal of drugs. |
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Addiction applies to: |
repetitive behavior |
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Depressants: |
calms neural activity and slows body functions |
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Depressants ex.) : |
alcohol, tranquilizers, barbiturates, and opiates. |
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Alcohol: |
depressant. Slows brain activity that controls judgement and inhibition. Increases harmful tendencies and helpful tendencies. Affects REM sleep and memory. Slows sympathetic nervous system |
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Barbiturates (tranquilizers) : |
depressant. mimics alcohol effects. Depresses sympathetic nervous system. Induces sleep and reduces anxiety. |
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Opiates (opium, morphine, heroin) : |
depressant. Depresses neural functions. Highly addictive. Natural endorphins will stop being produced |
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Stimulants: |
speeds up body functions (heart/breathing). Decreases appetite but increases energy. Very addictive.
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Stimulants ex.) : |
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine. |
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Ecstasy: |
stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Triggers release of dopamine and serotonin. Opens receptors and releases dopamine and serotonin. Overtime will deplete natural opiates. Risks: dehydration, overheating, high blood pressure, death, depression, and suicide. Depletes serotonin. |
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Hallucinogen ex.) : |
LSD (acid), marijuana |
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LSD (acid) : |
hallucinogen. Mimics serotonin, triggers various emotions: euphoria to panic. Users expectations are important. |
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Marijuana: |
Hallucinogen and depressant. Relaxes and lowers inhibitions, euphoric high, and mild hallucinogen. Experience and expectations affect the effect. Therapeutic relief for pain, nausea, glaucoma, and chemotherapy patients. Cancer causing smoke. Impairs motor, perception, and reaction time. May make brain more susceptible to cocaine or heroin addictions. Reversed tolerance: over time you need less to get high. |
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Common threads within drugs: |
triggers negative effects after positive effects. High emotions trigger opposing emotions that grow stronger as drug use continues. User needs larger dose to get same high and to fight negative emotions. |
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Who is more likely to use drugs: |
impulsive, fearless children |
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alcohol is influenced by: |
heredity - deficiency in brain's natural dopamine. |
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Near-death experience: |
people reported altered state of consciousness after close call with death. Similar to drug induced hallucination |
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Cognitive Neuroscience: |
study of the brain activity linked with perception, thinking, memory, and language |
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Dual processing: |
principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks. |
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Blindsight: |
condition in which a person can respond to visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it. |
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Selective attention: |
focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. |
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Inattentional blindness: |
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. |
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Change blindness: |
failing to notice changes in the environment |
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Sleep: |
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness. |
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Hallucinations: |
false sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. |
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Dream: |
sequences of emotions, images, and thoughts running through a sleeping persons mind. later, difficult to remember. |
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Posthypnotic suggestion: |
suggestion made during a hypnosis session that takes affect after the subject is no longer hypnotized. Used medically to control undesired symptoms and behaviors. |
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Addiction: |
compulsive drug use and craving, despite consequences |
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physical dependence: |
physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms |
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psychological dependence: |
psychological need of a drug used to relieve negative emotions |
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Alcohol dependence: |
alcohol addiction. Includes tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and need to continue use |
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Barbiturates: |
drugs that depress central nervous system. Reduces anxiety but impairs memory and judgement |
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Opiates: |
morphine and heroin. Depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. |
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Amphetamines: |
drugs that speed up body functions and neural activity. Energizes and causes mood changes |
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Nicotine: |
stimulating and highly addictive drug in tobacco |
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Methamphetamine: |
powerfully addictive drug. Stimulant that over time reduces dopamine levels |
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THC: |
major active ingredient in Marijuana. Triggers variety of effects including mild hallucinations |
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Cocaine/crack: |
stimulant. Blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Stays in synapse, intensifying normal mood. Can cause emotional disturbances, convulsions, cardiac arrest, and respiratory failure. Very big crash |