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62 Cards in this Set
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paraenchyma
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cells are usually loosely packed, cube shaped, or elongated cells that contain a large central vacuole and have thin, flexible cell walls -- they are involved in many metabolic functions including photosynthesis, storage of water and nutrients, and healing
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collenchyma
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cells are thicker
cell walls are also irregular in shape the thicker cell walls provide more support for the plant -- they are grouped into strands and they are specialized for supporting parts of the plant that are still lengthening |
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sclerenchyma
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thick, rigid cell walls
they support and strengthen the plant in areas where growth is no longer occuring |
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dermal tissue system
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forms the outside covering of plants
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epidermis
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the dermal tissue of a plant
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ground tissue system
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is surrounded by termal tissue -- consists of the enchymas -- it functions in storage, metabolism and support
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vascular tissue system
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surrounded by ground tissue -- functions in transport and support -- consists of xylem, tissue, and flowem tissue
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trachea
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in an angiosperm it is a long thick walled sclerenchyma with tapering ends
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pits
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thin areas of the cell wall -- water moves through it
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vessel element
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a sclerenchyma cell that has either large holes in the top and bottom walls or no end walls at all
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vessels
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long tubes that are formed by stacked vessel elements
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sive tube member
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the conducting perenchyma cell of angiosperm flowem
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sive tubes
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the product of stacked sive tube members
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sive plate
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the end walls that compounds move from cell to cell through
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companion cell
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assists in transport
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meri stems
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where plant growths originate -- and plant cells continue to divide
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apical meri stems
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located at the tips and stems of roots
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lateral meri stems
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these allow stems and roots to increase in diameter (gymnosperms and most dicots)
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vascular cambium
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located between the xylem and phlome
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cork cambium
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located outside the phlome -- produces cork
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cork
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dead cells that provided protection and prevent water loss
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primary growth
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growth in length
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secondary growth
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growth in diameter
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tap root
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the largest root
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fibrous root system
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numerous small roots develop and branch out
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adventitious root
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specialized roots that grow from stems and leaves
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root cap
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a protective cap that covers the apical meri stem
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root hair
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extentions of epidermal cells that increase the surface area of the root and thus increase the roots ability to absorb water and mineral nutrients
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cortex
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located just inside the epidermis -- where roots mature
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endodermis
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the inner most cylinder of the cortex
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peri cycle
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the outer most layers of the central vascular tissues
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macronutrients
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minerals, such as nitrogen and potassium, that plants use in large amounts
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micronutrients
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minerals, such as magnesium, that are used in smaller amounts
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internode
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the segments of a stem
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node
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at each end of the internode
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bud
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the beginning of a flower
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bud scales
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the leaves that enclose the bud
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pith
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located in the center of the stem
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wood
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secondary xylem
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heartwood
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darker wood in the center of the tree
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sapwood
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the functional, often lighter colored wood near the outside of the trunk
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bark
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the protective outside covering of woody plants
consists of cork, cambium, and phloem |
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springwood
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new xylem tissue that is formed in the spring
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summerwood
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the xylem that is produced in the summer
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annual ring
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a yearly growth ring in a woody plant
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source
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where the carbohydrates are stored
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sink
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where the carbs from the source move to
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translocation
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the movement of carbs through the plant
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pressure-flow hypothesis
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the theorem that explains movement in the phloem -- states that carbs are actively transported into sive tubes
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transpiration
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when water evaporates from the plant
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cohesion tension theory
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when water is pulled up the xylem by the strong attraction of water molecules to each other --- movement also depends on the rigid xylem walls and the attraction of the water to the walls, which is called adhesion
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blade
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flat portion of the leaf -- site of most photosynthesis
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petiole
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a stock-like structure that attaches the blade to the stem
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compound leaves
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the blade is divided into leaflets
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simple leaf
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it has a single blade
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leaflets
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mini leaves
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mesophyll
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a ground tissue that is composed of chloroplants and perenchyma cells
photosynthesis takes place here |
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palisade mesophyll
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a layer that is right below the upper epidermis -- is the site of most photosynthesis
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spongy mesophyll
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beneath the palisade layer, it consists of irregularly shaped cells surrounded by long air spaces, which allow carbon dixodie and water to diffuse into and out of the leave
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veins
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tube-like structures that run throughout the leaf
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venation
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the arrangement of veins in a leaf
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guard cells
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modified cells bound on the leaf epidermis that regulate gas and water exchange
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