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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
2 divisions of the skeleton
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Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton |
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parts of the skeletal system (4)
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-bones -joints -cartilages -ligaments |
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functions of bones (5)
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-support the body -protect soft organs -attached skeletal muscles allow movement -store minerals and fats -blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) |
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function of skull, vertebrae, rib cage
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-protect brain, spinal cord, thoracic cavity organs
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minerals stored in bones are
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calcium and phosphorus
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location of fat in the bones
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fat in the internal marrow cavity
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how many bones does the human body have
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206 bones
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two basic types of bone tissue
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-compact bone -spongy bone |
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compact bone description
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-dense, smooth, homogeneous
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spongy bone description
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-small needle-like pieces of bone, many open spaces
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classification of bones (4)
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-long -short - relatively square -flat -irregular |
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long bones description
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-longer than wide -shaft with heads at both ends -mostly compact bone -all of the bones of the limbs |
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short bones
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-generally cube-shaped -mostly spongy bone |
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examples of short bones
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-carpals -tarsals -patella -sesamoid bones |
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flat bones
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-thin, flattened, usually curved -2 thin layers of compact bone - surround a layer of spongy bone |
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examples of flat bones
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skull, ribs, sternum |
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irregular bones examples
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-hip bones |
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diaphysis of long bone
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long skinny part of bone -shaft -compact bone to hold weight |
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periosteum
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-fibrous connective tissue membrane -outside covering of diaphysis -perforating fibers secure periosteum to underlying bone |
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epiphysis
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-mostly spongy bone - enclosed by thin layer of compact bone |
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articular cartilage
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-made of hyaline cartilage -decreases friction @ joint surfaces |
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epiphyseal plate
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causes lengthwise growth of a long bone |
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epiphyseal line
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-seen in adult bones |
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marrow (medullary) cavity
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-has yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults -has red marrow for blood cell formation in infants |
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surface features of bone are
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-sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, ligaments -passages for nerves and blood vessels |
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categories of bone markings (2)
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-depressions or cavities |
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bone projections or processes |
-grow out from the bone surface
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depressions or cavities
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-indentations |
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features of microscopic anatomy of compact bone (7)
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-osteocytes -lacunae -lamellae -central (haversian) canal -osteon (haversian system) -canaliculi -perforating (Volkmann's) canal |
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osteocytes |
-situated within cavities known as lacunae
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lacunae |
-arranged in concentric rings called lamellae |
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lamellae |
rings situated around the central haversian canal |
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central haversian canal |
-runs lengthwise through bone -carries blood vessels and nerves |
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osteon (haversian system) |
-unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings |
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canalculi
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-radiate from central canal to lacunae -forms transport system connecting all bone cells to nutrient supply |
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perforating (Volkmann's) canal |
-carries blood vessels & nerves |
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function of organic parts of matrix
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makes bone flexible |
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what makes bone hard
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calcium salts deposited in the bone matrix |
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ossification |
-happens @hyaline cartilage models/fibrous membrane |
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2 majors phases of ossification in long bones |
-enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity |
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osteoblasts
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-cover hyaline cartilage model |
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two places that are still cartilage In long bones by birth |
-epiphyseal plates |
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bone formation and growth
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-old cartilage broken down & replaced by bony matrix |
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appositional growth definition
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growth in diameter |
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bone growth in length and width controlled by |
hormones such as growth hormone |
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epiphyseal plate converted to |
bone during adolescence |
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bones remodel in response to 2 factors |
-pull of gravity & muscles on skeleton |
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when is parathyroid hormone released?
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when blood calcium levels are low |
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what does the parathyroid hormone do?
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activates osteoclasts |
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hypercalccemia prompts
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calcium storage to bones |
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bone remodeling helps
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what happens to bones if muscles pull on them? |
bones become thicker/ form larger projections |
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how can one get bone atrophy? |
-bedridden -astronauts |
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rickets
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-disease in children whose bones don't calcify |
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rickets is caused by
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lack of calcium and or vitamin D |
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result of rickets |
legs bowing |
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bone fracture types (2) |
-open/compound facture |
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closed/simple fracture
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-bone breaks cleanly - no skin penetration |
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open/compound fracture |
-broken bone ends penetrate |
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reduction fracture treatment
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realignment of broken bone ends |
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closed reduction fracture treatment |
bone ends coaxed back to position by physicians hand |
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open reductions |
surgery performed and bone ends secured by pins and wires |
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why do older peoples bones take longer to heal? |
they have poorer circulation |
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4 major events of bone fracture repair
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-fibrocartilage callus forms -bony callus forms -bone remodeling process occurs |
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what causes the bony callus to form?
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more osteoblasts & osteoclasts migrate into area made of spongy bone |
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what happens when hematoma forms
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blood vessels rupture when bone breaks - blood cells deprived of nutrition die |
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what happens when fibrocartilage forms? |
growth of new capillaries |
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comminuted fracture
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bone breaks in many fragments |
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compression fracture
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bone is crushed |
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depressed fractures |
broken bone portion is pressed inward |
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impacted fracture |
broken bone ends are forced into each other |
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spiral fracture |
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone |
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greenstick fracture |
bone breaks incompletely |
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the axial skeleton is
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3 parts of axial skeleton
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-vertebral column -bony thorax |
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skull 2 sets of bones |
-cranium -facial bones |
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facial bones functions |
-allow facial muscles to express feelings |
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how are bones joined? |
sutures |
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what are sutures
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only bone attached by freely movable joint?
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mandible |
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8 cranial bones protect brain |
-occipital -ethmoid -sphenoid -parietal bones (pair) -temporal bones (pair) |
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14 facial bones (all paired except 2)
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-zygomatics -palatines -nasals -lacrimals -inferior nasal conchae -mandible -vomer |
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paranasal sinuses |
hollow portions o/bones surrounding nasal cavity |
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functions of paranasal sinuses
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-amplify sounds made as we speak |
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4 sinuses |
-ethmoid -sphenoidal -maxillary |
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hyoid bone
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-aids in swallowing and speech |
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fetal skull |
-large compared to infant's body -1/4 body length compared to adult skull |
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fontaneis in fetal skull |
fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones |
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fontaneis functions |
-let brain grow during later pregnancy & infancy -convert to bone within 24 months |
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vertebral column function |
provides axial support |
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# of vertebral in spinal cord |
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what are the vertebral separated by? |
intervertebral discs |
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# of cervical vertebrae (in the neck) |
7 |
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# of thoracic vertebrae (in chest)
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12 |
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# of lumbar vertebrae (in lower back)
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5 |
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how is the sacrum formed? |
by the fusion of the 5 vertebrae |
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how is the coccyx (tailbone) formed? |
by the fusion of 3 to 5 vertebrae |
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intervertebral discs |
pads of flexible fibrocartilage |
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function of intervertebral discs |
cushion & absorb shocks while allowing flexible fibrocartilage |
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why do discs become harder with age |
we lose water supply there |
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herniated discs "slipped disc" caused by |
-disc presses on spinal cord/nerves -numbness and excruciating pain |
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primary curvatures
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-form c-shaped curvatures in newborns |
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secondary curvatures
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-develop after birth -form s-shaped curvature as in adults |
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parts of a typical vertebrae (6)
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-body (centrum) -vertebral arch -vertebral foramen -transverse processes -spinous process -superior & inferior articular processes |
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vertebral arch parts (2)
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-lamina |
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the bony thorax function
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forms cage to protect major organs (thoracic cage) |
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the bony thorax consists of 3 parts |
-ribs -thoracic vertebrae |
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true ribs # |
1-7 |
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false ribs #
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8-12 |
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floating ribs # |
11-12 |
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female pelvis different from males for 6 reasons
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-pelvis shallower -thinner bones -Ilia flare more laterally -sacrum shorter/less curved -ischial spine shorter - outlet larger -pubis arch more round - angle greater |
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femur - thigh bone
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heaviest/strongest bone in body |
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femur parts (2) |
-distal end articulation |
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proximal end articulation function
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head articulates w/ acetabulum |
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distal end articulation
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-lateral & medial condyles articulate w/ the tibia |
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lower leg has 2 bones |
-fibula |
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tibia
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-larger & medially oriented -medial/lateral condyles from knee joint -proximal end articulation |
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fibula |
-lateral to the tibia -no role in forming knee joint |
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how are the tibia & fibula held together? |
with a flexible membrane |
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foot function |
-body support & lever |
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# of tarsal bones
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7 |
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2 largest tarsals
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-talus |
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5 bones form the sole of the foot |
metatarsals |
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# of bones in phalanges |
14 form toes |
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