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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
blast/o or -blast
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germ or bud
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chrom/o
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color
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chromat/o
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color
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chyl/o
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juice
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cyt/o
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cell
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hem/o
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blood
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hemat/o
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blood
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immun/o
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safe
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lymph/o
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clear fluid
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morph/o
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form
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myel/o
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bone marrow or spinal cord
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phag/o
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eat or swallow
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plas/o
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formation
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reticul/o
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a net
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splen/o
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spleen
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thromb/o
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clot
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thym/o
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thymus gland
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plasma
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liquid portion of the blood and lymph; contains water, proteins, and cellular components (ie:leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets)
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serum
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liquid portion of blood that remains after clotting
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erythrocyte
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red blood cell; transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
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hemogrlobin
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the protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
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leukocyte
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white blood cell; protects the body from harmful invading substances
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granulocytes
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group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm
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neutrophil
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granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules; fights infection by swalling bacteria (phagocytosis)
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PMN
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polymorphonuclear leukocyte= another term for neutrophil, referring to many segments in its nucleus
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eosinophil
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granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain of its granules; increases in allergic and some infectious reactions
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basophil
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granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues
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agranulocytes
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group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei
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lymphocyte
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agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity; the three categories of lymphocytes are T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells
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monocyte
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agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection
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platelets
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thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood clotting (coagulation)
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thymus
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primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum, that helps to maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes
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spleen
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organ between the stomach and the diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides an environment for lymphcytes to initate immune response
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lymph
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fluid circulated through the lymph vessels
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lymph capillaries
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microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels
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lymph vessels
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vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes
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lacteals
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specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream (lacteus=milky)
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chyle
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white or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals
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lymph nodes
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many small oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions
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lymph ducts
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collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins
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right lymphatic duct
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receives lymph from the right upper part of the body
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thoracic duct
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receives lymph from the left side of the hea,d neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities
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immunity
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process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen
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antigen
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substance that causes formation of antibodies against it when introduced to the body
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antibody
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substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body
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active immunity
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a long-lasting immunity that results from stimulating the body to produce its own antibodies; developed either naturally, in response to an infection, or artificially, in response to the administration of a vaccine
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passive immunity
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a short-lasting immunity that results from foreign antibodies that are conveyed either naturally, through the placenta to a fetus, or artificially, by injection of a serum containing antibodies
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microcytosis
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presence of small RBC
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macrocytosis
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presence of large RBC
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anisocytosis
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presence of RBC of unequal size
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poikilocytosis
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presence of large, irregularly shaped RBC
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reticulocytosis
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an increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood
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erythropenia
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an abnormally reduced number of RBC
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lymphocytopenia
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abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
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neutropenia
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decreased number of neutrophils
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pancytopenia
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abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood
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thrombocytopenia
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abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, impairing the clotting process
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hemolysis
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breakdown of the RBC membrane
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immunocompromised
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impaired immunologic defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or by therapy with immunosupressive agents
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immunosupression
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impaired ability to provide an immune response
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lymphadenopathy
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enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes
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splenomegaly
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enlargement of the spleen
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AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
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syndrome caused by HIV that reders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood
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anemia
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condition of reduced numbers of RBC, hemoglobin, or packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a dminished ability of RBC to transport oxygen to the tissues
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aplastic anemia
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normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by failure of bone marrow to produce RBC
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iron deficiency anemia
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microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin and is characterized by small RBC and containing low amounts of hemoglobin
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pernicioius anemia
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macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by inadequate vitamin B12, causing RBC to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number
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autoimmune disease
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any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function; ie: rheumatoid arthritis, lupus
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erythroblastosis fetalis
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disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing RBC destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus
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Rh factor
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presence or lack of antigens on the surface of RBC which cuases a reaction between Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood
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Rh positive
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presence of antigens
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Rh negative
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absence of antigens
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hemochromatosis
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hereditary disorder with an excessive buildupof iron deposits in the body
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hemophilia
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group of hereditary bleeding disorders caused by a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood
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leukemia
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chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow
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myelodysplasia
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disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells (cells that give rise to different types of blood cells); usu develops into a specific type of leukemia
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lymphoma
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any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant or in Hodgkin disease
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metastasis
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process by which cancer cellls are spread by blood or lymph circulation to a distant organ; the plural form, metastases, indicates spreading to two or more distant sites
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mononucleosis
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condition caused by Epstein- Barr virus and characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis)
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polycythemia
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increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
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septicemia
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systemic disease cuased by infection with microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood
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phlebotomy
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incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
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venipuncture
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incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
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blood chemistry
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test of the fluid portion of blood to measure the amount of the chemical constitues (ie: glucose, cholesterol blood panels)
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blood chemistry panels
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sepcialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to taret specific organs or conditions
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basic metabolic panel (BMP)
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battery of tests used as a general screen for the disease; includes tests for calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)
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tests performed in addition to the basic panel for expanded screening: albumin, bilirubin, alkalline phosphatase, protein, alanine aminotrasnferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
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blood culture
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test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment tha tencourages the growth of microorganisms; the specific is observed and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified
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CD4 cell count
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a measure of the number of CD4 cells in the blood; used in the monitoring the course of HIV and in timing the treatment of AIDS; normal adult range: 600-1500 cells in given blood volume
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
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timed test that measures the rate at which RBC settle through a volume of plasma
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partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
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test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders
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thromboplastin
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substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation
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prothrombin time (PT)
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test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood
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prothrombin
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protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process
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complete blood count (CBC)
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common lab blood test performed as a screen of general health or for diagnostic purposes and typically includes the component test that follow; test results are usu reported along with normal values for interpretation based on instrumentation used, ranges may also vary depending on region and climate
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white blood count (WBC)
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count of number of WBC in given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated lab methods
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red blood count (RBC)
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count of number of RBC in given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated laboratory methods
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hemoglobin (HGB or Hgb)
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test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin (espressed in grams)
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hematocrit (HCT or Hct)
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measurement of the percentage of packed RBC in given volume of blood
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blood indices
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calculations of RBC, HGB and HCT results to determine the avg size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of RBC to classify an anemia
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mean corpuscular (cell) volume (MCV)
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calculation of the volume (size) of individual RBC using HCT and RBC results: MCV= HCT/RBC (corpuscular pertains to blood cell)
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mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin (MCH)
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calculation of the content (weight) of hemoglobin in the average RBC using HGB and RBC results: MCH= HGB/RBC
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mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
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calculation of the avg hemoglobin concentration in each RBC using HGB and HCT results: MCHC= HGB/HCT
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differential count
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determination of the number of each type of WBC in a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of total examined (see 293 for normal ranges)
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red cell morphology
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as part of identifying and counting the WBC, the condition, size, and shape of RBC in the background of the smeared slide are noted (eg anisocytosis, poikilocytosis)
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platelet count (PLT)
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calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood; the normal adult range is 150,000-450,000 platelets in a given volume of blood
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bone marrow aspiration
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needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathologic examination
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bone marrow biopsy
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pathologic examination of bone marrow tissue
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lymphangiogram
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an x-ray image of a lymph node or vessel obtained after injection of a contrast medium
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computed tomography (CT)
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full body x-ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such as lymphoma
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positron-emission tomography (PET)
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scanning technique combining nuclear medicine and CT technology to produce images of anatomy and metabolic function within the body; useful in determining the recurrence of cancers or to measure response to therapy; commonly used in evaluated lymphoma
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bone marrow transplant
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transplatation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production
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lymphadenectomy
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removal of a lymph node
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lymphadenotomy
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incision into a lymph node
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lymph node dissection
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removal of a possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathologic examination
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splenectomy
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removal of the spleen
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thymectomy
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removal of the thymus gland
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blood transfusion
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introduction of blood productions into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner
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autologous blood
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blood donated by and stored for a patient for future personal use
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homologous blood
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blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient
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blood component therapy
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transfusion of a specific blood component, such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or plasma
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cross-matching
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method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
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chemotherapy
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treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents to destroy selected cells or to impair their ability to reproduce
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immunotherapy
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use of biologic agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body's own defense mechanisms, as seen in the treatment of AIDS, cancer, or allergy
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plasmapheresis
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removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements followed by reinfusion (apheresis= a withdrawal)
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COMMON THERAPEUTIC DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS
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anticoagulant
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drug that prevents blood clotting
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hemostatic
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drug that stops the flow of blood within vessels
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vasconstrictor
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drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow
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vasodilator
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drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow
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AIDS
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
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ALT
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alanine aminotransferase (enz)
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AST
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aspartate aminotransferase (enz)
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BMP
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basic metabolic panel
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BUN
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blood urea nitrogen
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CBC
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complete blood count
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CMP
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comprehensive metabolic panel
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CO2
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carbon dioxide
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CT
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computed tomography
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ESR
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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HCT or Hct
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hematocrit
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HGB or Hgb
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hemoglobin
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HIV
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human immunodeficiency virus
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MCH
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mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin
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MCHC
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mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration
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MCV
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mean corpuscular (cell) volume
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NK
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natural killer (cell)
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PET
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positron-emission tomography
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PLT
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platelet count
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PMN
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polymorphonuclear (leukocyte)
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PT
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prothrombin time
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PTT
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partial thromboplastin time
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RBC
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red blood cell; red blood count
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WBC
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white blood cell, white blood count
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