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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A ___ is a set of neurons that serve to retain information over time. |
Memory Store |
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They are ___ processes involved in memory. |
Three 1. Encoding 2. Storage 3. Retrieval |
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____ is the process of organizing and transforming information so that it can be entered into memory. |
1. Encoding |
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The process of retaining information in memory is called ___. |
2. Storage |
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___ is the process of accessing information stored in memory. |
3. Retrieval |
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The lowest level of memory is ___ memory. It holds a large amount of perceptual information for a very brief time. |
Sensory Memory |
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Visual Sensory Memory |
Iconic Memory |
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Auditory Sensory Memory |
Echoic Memory |
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A memory store that holds a reactively small amount of information for a few seconds is ____ memory. |
Sort-Term Memory |
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A unit of information such as digit, letter, or word. In STM, we can remember 5-9 items organized into about 4 ____. |
Chunk |
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The process of repeating information over and over to retain in STM. |
Rehearsal |
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____ memory is a memory store that holds a large amount of information for a long time. |
Long-Term Memory |
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First researcher to show that STM and LTM are distinct and operate differently. |
Ebbinghaus |
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The ___ is the increased memory for the first few items in a set. LTM |
Primacy Effect |
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The ____ is increased memory for the last few items in a set. STM |
Recency Effect |
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There are ___ types of LTM |
6 |
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____ are memory stores that retain input from a single sense or from a specific processing system. |
Modality Specific Memory Stores |
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Memory of the meaning of words, concepts, and general facts about the world is called ____ memory. We usually DO NOT remember when, where, or how we learned the information. Associative Networks |
Semantic Memory |
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Memory of events that are associated with a particular context is ____ memory. We DO remember when, where, or how we learned the information. |
Episodic Memory |
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Episodic memories for events in your own life |
Autobiographical Memories |
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Explicit memory is a memory that can be retrieved at will and represented in STM (Sort-Term Memory). It is also called ____ memory. |
Declarative |
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____ memory is memory that cannot be retrieved at will but does influence behavior and thinking in the presence of certain stimuli. It is also called Non-Declarative memory. |
Implicit Memory |
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Three types of implicit memory |
1. Classically Conditioned Responses 2. Habit 3. Priming |
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A ____ is a well learned response that is carried out automatically when the appropriate stimulus is present. |
Habit |
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The result of having just preformed a task that facilitates repeating the same task more easily in the future is called ____. |
Priming |
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____ memory is a system that includes specialized STMs and the central executive process that operate on them. |
Working Memory |
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The set of processes that operate on information in one or another STMs to plan, reason, and problem-solve is called ____. |
Central Executive |
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STM that holds verbally produced sounds |
Articulatory Loop |
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STM that holds visual and spatial information. This is strongly influenced by genetics |
Visuospatial Sketchpad |
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A ____ is a type of mental representation. |
Code |
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____ is the process of converting information stored dynamically in LTM into a structural change in the brain. |
Consolidation |
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Continually active memory is called ____ memory. |
Dynamic Memory |
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Memory stored in structural form is called ____ memory. |
Structural Memory |
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_____ is the number and complexity of the operations involved in processing information. |
Depth of Processing |
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Processing that organizes and integrates information into previously stored information is called ____. |
Breadth of Processing |
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Retrieval is better if the same type of processing is used to retrieve information from memory as was used in encoding the information |
Transfer Appropriate Processing |
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_____ is encoding that involves great breadth of processing. |
Elaborative Encoding |
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Learning that occurs as a result of trying to learn |
Intentional Learning |
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Learning that occurs without intention |
Incidental Learning |
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Emotionally charged information is stored in ____ memory better than neutral information. |
Episodic Memory |
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An unusually vivid and accurate memory of a dramatic event is called ___ memory. |
Flashbulb Memory |
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____ is the act of intentionally bringing explicit information to awareness. |
Recall |
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The act of encoding an input and matching it to a stored representation is called ____. |
Recognition |
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Stimuli that trigger or enhance remembering are called ____. |
Cues |
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The _____ principle states that memory is better when people are given cues that were present during learning. |
Encoding Specificity Retrieval |
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____ retrieval is memory that is better when we are in the same mood or psychological state as we were when the information was encoded. |
State Dependent Retrieval |
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_____ is memory that improves over time without feedback, particularly with repeated attempts to recall. |
Hypermnesia |
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An ongoing awareness of perceptual and other properties that distinguish real from imagined stimuli is called ____. |
Reality Monitoring |
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_____ is a failure to process information well enough to begin consolidation. |
Encoding Failure |
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____ is the fading away of memories with time because the relevant neural connections are lost. |
Decay |
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The disruption of the ability to remember one piece of information because of the presence of other is called _____. |
Interference |
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_____ is a loss of memory over an entire time span resulting from brain damage caused by accident, stroke, or infection. |
Amnesia |
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Amnesia that disrupts previous memories is ____ amnesia. |
Retrograde Amnesia |
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Amnesia that leaves consolidated memories intact but prevents new learning is _____ amnesia. |
Anterograde Amnesia |
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Real memories that have been pushed out of consciousness because they are emotionally threatening are called _____ memories. |
Repressed Memories |
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_____ are strategies that improve memory by using effective organization and integration. |
Mneumonic Devices |