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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the key energy storage molecule and give an example
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Glucose Ex) stored directly as starch (plants) or glycogen (animals) converted into fat for long term energy storage (animals) |
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What is the glucose breakdown reaction? |
C6H12O6+602---->6CO2+6H2O+ATP+Heat reverse for photosynthesis reaction |
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What is photosynthesis reaction?
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reversed for Glucose Breakdown |
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What is the ultimate source of energy?
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The sun |
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How do cells obtain energy?
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Cells use glycolysis and cellular respiration to convert glucose into ATP |
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What is the breakdown of glucose?
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Focus of studying cellular energy production Other molecules (fats, proteins) are converted to glucose or glucose breakdown intermediates use in ATP production. |
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Glycolysis converts ________ into _____ __________ molecules.
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Glucose; two; pyruvate
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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occurs in the cytosol |
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What are the two stages of glycolysis?
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Energy Harvesting |
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What is the energy investment stage?
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Fructose biophosphate is split into two G3P molecules |
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What is the energy harvesting stage?
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G3P molecules are broken down into pyruvate, and the energy released is captured in ATP and NADH |
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What is cellular respiration?
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captures remaining energy in pyruvate molecules from glycolysis to form additional GTP. |
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Cellular respiration requires _______ and releases _________ ___________.
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requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. |
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Where does cellular respiration occur?
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occurs in mitochondria
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What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?
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Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis |
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Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?
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occurs in the mitochondrial matrix |
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What is the Krebs cycle?
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Completes the breakdown of pyruvate and stores the energy in 3 different energy carriers: ATP, NADH, and FADH2 |
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What is the breakdown of pyruvate?
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1) pyruvate is converted into acetyl-COA *this produces NADH and releases CO2 2) Krebs Cycle *Completes breakdown of pyruvate, releasing more CO2 and producing NADH, FADH2, and ATP |
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What does the electron transport chain do?
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converts the energy in NADH and FADH2 into an H+ gradient
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Where does the electron transport chain occur?
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occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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In the electron transport chain NADH and FADH2 donate what?
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|
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What is the energy in the electron transport chain used for?
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Energy is used to pump H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
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In the electron transport chain oxygen serves as what?
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oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor and water is produced.
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Without oxygen in the electron transport chain what would happen?
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without oxygen, ETC would stop and cells would die from lack of ATP
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What is chemiosmosis?
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H+ ions flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase. |
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What does ATP synthase use in chemiosmosis and what does it do?
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ATP synthase uses energy of diffusion to generate ATP. |
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What happens to each glucose molecule in chemiosmosis?
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For each glucose molecule, 32 ATP are produced by ATP synthase
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ATP produced *Glycolysis: *Krebs Cycle: *ETC: Total: ______ per glucose |
Glycolysis: 2 Krebs Cycle: 2 ETC: 32 Total: 36 per glucose |
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What is the rate of respiration of ATP Production?
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Continuous process regenerate body weight per day of ATP |
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What are other energy sources in cellular respiration?
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fats and proteins can be used in place of glucose for energy. Non-glucose molecules are converted to intermediates that enter partway in glycolysis or the Krebs cycle. |
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The more efficient cellular respiration requires ________?
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oxygen? |
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What happens under anaerobic conditions (i.e. no oxygen)?
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Fermentation |
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Does fermentation produce ATP, if not what happens instead?
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no; regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. |
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What are two major types of fermentation?
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Alcoholic Fermentation |
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What is lactic acid fermentation and give examples? |
Ex) occurs in bacteria that makes yogurt, sour cream, and cheese |
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________ occurs in muscle cells under low oxygen conditions.
What happens when oxygen returns |
Lactic acid fermentation When oxygen returns, lactic acid is slowly converted back into pyruvate. |
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What is alcohol fermentation and where does it commonly occur give examples?
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pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide regenerate NAD+ occurs commonly in microorganisms, including yeast; used to make bread and alcoholic beverages. |
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What is the advantage of fermentation?
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Allow ATP to be produced in the absence of oxygen |
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What are the disadvantages of fermentation?
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requires greater quantity of food molecules to produce required amounts of ATP. |
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The metabolic breakdown of glucose generates the greatest amount of ATP during
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electron transport |
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The electron transport chain receives electrons directly from |
NADH+FADH2 |
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What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
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Oxygen
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Which of the parts of mitochondria are directly involved in the synthesis of ATP during chemiosmosis?
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Inner membrane only
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If glucose breakdown occurs in anaerobic conditions, pyruvate
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is converted by fermentation to lactase or ethanol or ethanol and carbon dioxide
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If no oxygen is available, how many ATP can be produced per glucose?
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2 |
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No ATP is produced by fermentation alone.
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True |
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Fermentation by human muscle cells produces ethanol and CO2.
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False |