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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Metabolism |
all chemical changes occurring in living organisms. |
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Catabolism |
Any metabolic process whereby cells break down complex substances into simpler, smaller ones. - Glucagon |
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Anabolism |
Any metabolic process whereby cells build up simple substances in more complex ones. - Insulin |
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ATP |
A fundamental energy molecule used to power cellular functions, known as the universal energy currency |
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Aerobic Respiration |
Presence of or need for oxygen. The complete breakdown of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to carbon dioxide and water occurs only through aerobic metabolism. |
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Aceytl CoA |
A key intermediate in the metabolic breakdown of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. |
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Glycolysis |
An anaerobic process, does not require oxygen. - Requires 2 ATP molecules to get started. - 1 glucose net yield: 2 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvates |
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Pyruvate |
The three carbon compound that results from glycolytic breakdown of glucose. |
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NADH |
The reduced form of NAD+. Acts as an electron carrier in cells and undergoes reversible oxidation and reduction. |
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Glycogen |
A very large, highly branched polysaccharide composed of multiple glucose units. Primary storage form of glucose in animals. |
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Ketogenesis |
The process in which excess acetyl CoA from fatty acid oxidation is converted into the ketone bodies |
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Insulin |
Produced by beta cells in the pancreas, stimulates that uptake of blood glucose into muscle and adipose cells, synthesis of glycogen in the liver, and etc. |
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Glucagon |
Produced by alpha cells in the pancreas, promotes the breakdown of liver glycogen to glucose, thus increasing blood glucose. |
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The energy in food is stored |
in the chemical bonds connecting its components |
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Fats can enter the process of aerobic respiration by |
being converted to Acetyl CoA, but fats cannot be burned unless there are some carbohydrates as well |
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Describe the overall process of catabolism and anabolism 8.3: |
Catabolism – break down of a large compound into smaller units - Glycogen to glucose - Triglyceride to glycerol or fatty acids - Protein to amino acids Anabolism – build more complex molecules from smaller ones - Glucose + Glucose = glycogen - Glycerol + Fatty acid = triglyceride - Amino acid + Amino acid = protein |
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The 4 steps of aerobic respiration and where in the cell they occur (carbs) |
1. Glycolysis 2. Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA 3. Citric acid (krebs) cycle 4. Electron transport chain |
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Aerobic Respiration: Glycolysis |
- Occurs in the Cytosol - 1 glucose goes in and produces 2 pyruvates. - 2 NADH molecules are produced but moved to the electron transport chain for ATP production. - 2 ATP is produced |
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Aerobic Respiration: Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA |
- Occurs in the mitochondria - Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes into the mitochondrial matric - Pyruvate is converted to a 2-carbon molecule bound to Acetyl CoA - CO2 is released and NADH is generated |
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Aerobic Respiration: Citric acid (krebs) cycle |
- Mitochondria - The acetyl CoA combines with a four carbon molecule. - Generates ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced - CO2 is released |
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Aerobic Respiration: Electron transport chain |
- The NADH and FADH2 made in other steps deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain and turn into NAD+ and FAD. - AS electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix forming a gradient. - Protons flow back into the matrix through ATP Synthase making ATP. - Oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water. |
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The conditions in which the body’s cells perform glycolysis vs aerobic respiration |
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process; does not require oxygen. Aerobic respiration oxygen to be readily available. |
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The reason why anaerobic respiration produces ATP sooner and faster, and why it produces less ATP per glucose than aerobic respiration |
Anaerobic respiration is faster because less energy is produced for every molecule of glucose broken down (2 ATP vs 3 ATP), so more glucose must be broken down at a faster rate to meet energy demands |
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What happens when your body has more energy-containing molecules than it needs (how is the energy stored)? |
Biosynthetic pathways build fat stores from excess intake of energy. - Assemble glucose into glycogen chains for storage |
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How does the body convert stored energy into glucose? |
- Glycogenolysis breaks down the stored glycogen chains into individual glucose molecules - Gluconeogenesis, body can make glucose from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol and most amino acids. - In the liver, the cori cycle allows lactate to convert back to glucose |
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Why does ketogenesis occur and why is bad? |
High active when fatty acid oxidation in the liver produces such an abundance of acetyl CoA that it overwhelms the available supply of oxaloacetate. - Too many ketones lower the pH of blood (acetone) |
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Under what conditions insulin and glucagon be high or low in general and the effects |
After a big meal insulin will be high and glucagon will be low After a decline in blood glucose levels insulin will be low and glucagon will be high |
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How do fats and proteins enter the process of aerobic respiration? |
*FATS: - Glycerol carries a relatively small amount of energy and can be converted by the liver to pyruvate or glucose - Fatty acids store nearly all of the energy found in triglycerides PROTEINS: - Deamination, strips off the amino group (-NH2), leaving a ‘carbon skeleton’ - Carbon skeleton can enter the breakdown pathway in several different ways |
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Do carbohydrates turn to fat? |
If people consume more carbohydrates than they need at the time, the body stores some of these carbohydrates within cells (as glycogen) and converts the rest to fat. |
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In what order will the body burn protein, fat, and carbohydrates during starvation? |
Carbohydrates, fat, protein **Protein is not usually burned for ATP, because protein is the structural and functional basis of the body. |
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Fat becomes fatty acid… |
which becomes acetyl CoA and makes ATP |