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63 Cards in this Set
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Developmental Psychology |
Field of study that focuses on the systematic changes that occur during the human lifespan |
From womb to tomb |
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4 Major Issues Focused On |
Nature v. Nurture Continuity v. Discontinuity Stability Question Universality Question |
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Nature v. Nurture |
How much our development depends on genetic inheritance and how much comes from experience? |
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Continuity v. Discontinuity |
Is development a gradual, continuous process or does it proceed through a sequence or separate stages? |
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Stability Question |
Do traits that develop in infancy and childhood persist through the life stages or de we change? |
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Universality Question |
Is development the same for children all over the world? |
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Longitudinal Study |
Study the same group over a long period of time |
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Cross-Sectional Study |
Study different ages groups at same time for comparison |
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Cohort Effect |
Different people growing up in different times |
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Prenatal Development |
Period from conception to birth |
270-280 days |
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Germinal Stage |
First 2 weeks |
Zygote |
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Embryonic Stage |
2-8 weeks |
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Fetal Stage |
9th week until birth |
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Threats to Prenatal Development |
Malnutrition Teratogens |
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Teratogens |
Environmental influences |
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List of Teratogens |
1. Infectious diseases/STDS 2. Smoking 3. Alcohol/other drugs 4. X-Rays 5. Poisoning (Lead/mercury) |
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Results of Teratogens |
1. Child having disease, conjunctivitis, blindness, death 2. Premature birth, low birth weight, learning disorders, lower IQ, death 3. Distinctive facial features, Learning disorders, premature birth, death 4. Mental retardation, cancer, miscarriage 5. Retardation, coma, death |
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Early Reflexes |
1. Stepping Reflex (0-6 months) 2. Moro Reflex (0-4/5 months) 3. Palmar Reflex (0-5/6 months) 4. Rooting Reflex (0-4 months) 5. Plantar Reflex (0-2 months) 6. Swimming Reflex (0-4/6 months) |
2. Falling sensation 3. Grip items 4. Turn head to nurse 5. Stroke baby's foot 6. Will paddle and kick |
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Reflexes |
Responses you are born with |
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Maturation |
Term used to describe a genetically programmed biological plan of emotional development that is relatively independent of experience |
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Habituation |
Decreased responsiveness with repeated stimulation |
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Temperament |
Refers to a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
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Easy/ Flexible Infants |
Calm, set scheduled, respond well to strangers, adapt well |
40% |
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Difficult/Feisty Infants |
Not set scheduled, don't sleep at the same time |
10% |
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Slow to Warm Up/Cautious Infants |
Not well with strangers, shy, quiet |
15% |
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Temperament Explanation |
1. Partially determined by genetics 2. Tends to predict adult behaviors 3. Environment can influence 4. Can't be changed after childhood |
New York Longitudinal Study |
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Attachment |
Close emotional relationships between an infant and its caregivers |
Develops over time |
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Mary Ainsworth |
Study on attachment quality |
Strange Situation |
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Types of Attachment |
1. Secure 2. Insecure/Avoidant 3. Insecure Ambivalent/Resistant 4. Disorganized-Disoriented |
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Secure Infants |
Distress when mother leaves |
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Insecure / Avoidant Infants |
No signs of distress when mother leaves |
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Insecure Ambivalent / Resistant Infants |
Intense distress when mother leaves |
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Disorganized-Disoriented Infants |
Mix of behaviors when mother leaves |
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Konrad Lorenz |
Studied process of imprinting |
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Imprinting |
Formation of a strong bond of attachment on the first moving object seen after birth |
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Harry and Marguerite Harlow |
Studied how baby monkeys form attachments to inanimate objects in the absence of the mother |
Importance of comfort/love over food |
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Diane Baumrind |
Studied parenting styles |
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Types of Parenting Styles |
1. Authoritative Style 2. Authoritarian Style 3. Permissive Style |
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Authoritative Style |
Firm, but understanding |
Most successful method |
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Authoritarian Style |
Rigid and controlling |
Tiger mom |
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Permissive Style |
Anything goes, no limits |
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Erik Erikson |
8 Stages of Psychosocial Development |
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Erikson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development |
1. Trust v. Mistrust 2. Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt 3. Initiative v. Guilt 4. Industry v. Inferiority 5. Identity v. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy v. Isolation 7. Generativity v. Stagnation 8.Integrity v. Despair |
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Jean Piaget |
Cognitive Development Theorist |
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Schema |
Mental framework that organizes and interprets information |
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Assimilation |
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas |
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Accommodations |
Adapting our current schema to incorporate new information |
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Adaption |
Ability to adjust to new information and experiences |
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development |
1. Sensorimotor Stage 2. Pre-Operational Stage 3. Concrete Operational Stage 4. Formal Operational Stage |
There are 4 |
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Sensorimotor Stage (0-2) |
Explore and learns to control environment; Object permanence |
Peek a boo |
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Pre-Operational Stage (2-7) |
Acquires language and begins to see other points of view |
Egocentric |
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Concrete Operational Stage (7-11) |
Mental tasks are performed as long as objects are visible |
Pizza example |
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Formal Operational stage (11+) |
Mental tasks using abstract ideas |
Abstract |
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Adolescent brain not fully developed in: |
Judgement Emotional Control Organization Planning |
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Imaginary Audience |
Feeling that "everyone is looking at me" |
Can lead to self-consciousness or loud, provocative behavior |
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Personal Fable |
Exaggerated sense of one's uniqueness |
Feelings of invulnerability can lead to risky behavior |
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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development |
1. Pre-Conventional Morality 2. Conventional Morality 3. Post-Conventional Morality |
Why do we follow the rules? |
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Pre-Conventional Morality |
Stage 1: avoid punishment Stage 2: gain material awards |
Focus is self-interest |
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Conventional Morality |
Stage 3: good/bad boy/girl Stage 4: law and order |
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Post-Conventional Morality |
Stage 5: rights of others Stage 6: abstract moral/ethical principles of justice, equality, respect, etc. |
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Crystallized Intelligence |
General verbal ability and accumulated knowledge |
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Elisabeth Kubler-Ross |
Stages of Grief (Dying) |
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Stages of Grief (Dying) |
1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance |
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