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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is collective behavior?
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relatively spontaneous social behavior that occurs when people try to develop common solutions to unclear situations p436
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What is a collectivity?
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collection of people who have limited interaction with each other and who do not share clearly defined, conventional norms p436
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What is a crowd?
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temporary collection of people who are in close enough proximity to interact p437
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What is a mob?
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emotionally charged collectivity whose members are united by a specific, and often violent, goal p438
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What is a riot?
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crowd that erupts in generalized destructive behavior, the purpose of which is social disorder p438
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What is a panic?
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spontaneous and uncoordinated group action to escape some perceived threat p439
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What is a moral panic?
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phenomenon that occurs when people become fearful about behavior that appears to threaten society's core values p439
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What is mass hysteria?
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unfounded anxiety shared by people who are scattered over a wide geographic area p439
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What are fashion?
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enthusiastic attachment among large numbers of people for a particular style of appearance or behavior p440
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What are characteristics of collectivities?
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limited interaction, unclear norms and limited unity
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What is a fad?
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a fad is an unconventional thought or action that a large number of people are interested in for a very short period of time p440
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What is a rumor?
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unverified piece of information that is spread rapidly from one perso to another p441
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What is are urban legends?
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stories that are untrue but seem realistic and teach a lesson p441
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What is the public?
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group of geographically scattered people who interested in and divided by some issue p442
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What is public opinion?
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collection of differing attitudes that members of a public have about a particular issue p442
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What is propaganda?
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organized and deliberate attempt to shape public opinion p442
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What is the contagion theory?
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theory of collective behavior proposed by Gustave LeBon in which the hynotic power of a crowd is said to encourage people to give up their individuality to the stronger pull of the group. Individuals then become anonymous, with no will power or sense of responsibility p446
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Who proposed the contagion theory?
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this theory of collective behavior was proposed by Gustave LeBon
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What is the value-added theory?
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theory that explains crowd behavior as a process that moves from step to step
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What are the preconditions necessry for collective behavior to occur?
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structural conduciness, structural strain, growth and spread of a generalized belief, precipitating factors, mobilization for action and social control
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What is the emergent norm theory?
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theory of collective behavior proposed by Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian. According to this theory, the people in a crowd are often faced with a situation in which traditional norms do not apply. Gradually, new norms emerge when a leader initiates new behavior. p447
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Name as many of the different types of collectivities as you can.
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crowds, mobs, riots, panic, mass hysteria, fashions, fads, rumors, urban legends, and public opinion
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What are seven propaganda techniques identified by social scientists?
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testimonials, transfer, bandwagon, name calling, plain-folks appeal, glittering generalities, and card stacking.
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What is a social movement?
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a long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change p449, 54
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What is a reactionary movement?
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social movement with a goal to reverse current social trends p449
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What is a conservative movement?
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social movements that try to protect from change what they see as society's prevailing values p449
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What is a revisionary movement?
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social movement that tries to improve or revise some part of society through social change p450
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What is a revolutionary movement?
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a type of social movement, the goal of which is a total and radical change of the existing social structure p450
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What is the relative deprivation theory?
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theory that states that certain people have a lesser portion of social rewards compared to other people or groups p452
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What is resource mobilization?
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the organization and effective use of resources as essential to social movements p454
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What is the resource-mobilization theory?
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theory of social movements that states that even the most ill-treated group with the most just cause will not be able to bring about change without resources p454
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Describe the life cycle of a social movement.
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starts with agitation - initial stirrings of a movement; then legitimation - movement viewed as more respectable; then bureaucratization - structure of movement more formal; then institutionalization - movement an established part of sociey
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What is an reactionary movement? Give an example.
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social movement that tries to prevent a type of social change and return society to a past way of being; often use fear and violence; example: Ku Klux Klan
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What is a conservative movement? Give an example.
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a social movement that tries to protect prevailing values from what are seen as threats to those values; example: the religious right
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What is a revisionary movement? Give an example.
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social movement that tries to improve some part of society through social change; usually use legal methods and focus on a single issue; example: women's suffrage movement
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What is a revolutionary movement? Give an example.
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a social movement that seeks a total radical change of existing social structure, overthrow existing government and replace it with their own version; often involve violent or illegal methods; example: The American Revolution
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Compare the relative deprivation theory and the resource mobilization theory.
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relative deprivation - people join social movements because they feel deprived relative to other groups; resource-mobilization - only groups with resources will be able to generate change
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How do collectivities differ from social groups?
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Unlike social groups; collectivities have limited interaction, unclear norms, and limited unity.
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List and describe the four types of crowds identified by Herbert Blumer.
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casual - unorganized, temporary, little interaction; conventional - little interaction but structured; expressive - forms around an activity; and acting - violent and destructive.
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What are the four types of crowds identified by Herbert Blumer?
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casual, conventional, expressive and acting
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Who identifed the four types of crowds: casual, conventional, expressive and acting?
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Herbert Blumer
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What is the difference between fads and fashions?
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Fashions are attachments among people for particular behaviors. Fads are unconventional objects, ideas, or actions popular for a short period of time. Fads are less enduring and less predictable than fashions.
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What are the four types of social movements idenfied by William Bruce Cameron?
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reactionary, conservative, revisionary and revolutionary
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Who identified the four types of social movements: reactionary, conservative, revisionary and revolutionary
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William Bruce Cameron
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Why are the original goals of a social movement sometimes swept aside during the bureaucratization stage of the social movement life cycle?
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Goals are sometimes swept aside because more attention is paid to the day-to-day running of the organizaion.
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What do sociologists mean by the term relative deprivation?
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relative deprivation refers to how economically or socially deprived people feel compared to other groups in society
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According to resource-mobilization theory, what kinds of resources are needed for a social movement to be successful?
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The resources needed include supporters, financial resources, and media access.
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What propoganda technique refers to the use of endorsements by famous people to sell products or to secure votes?
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testimonial
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What propoganda technique refers attempts to associate a product or candidate with something that the public approves of or respects?
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transfer
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What propoganda technique appeals to the public's desire to conform?
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bandwagon
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What propoganda technique refers to the use of negative labels or images in order to make competitors appear in an unfavorable light?
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name-calling
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What propoganda technique attempts to sway public opinion by appealing to the average American?
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plain-folks appeal
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What propoganda technique refers to the use of words that sound positive but have little real meaning?
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glittering generalities
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What propoganda technique refers to the practice of presenting facts in a way that places politicians or products in a favorable light?
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card stacking
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What is the glittering generalities propaganda technique?
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refers to the use of words that sound positive but have little real meaning
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What is card stacking propaganda technique?
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refers to the practice of presenting facts in a way that places politicians or products in a favorable light
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What is the plain-folks propaganda technique?
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attempts to sway public opinion by appealing to the average American
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What is the name-calling propaganda technique?
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refers to the use of negative labels or images in order to make competitors appear in an unfavorable light
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What is the bandwagon propaganda technique?
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appeals to a public's desire to conform
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What is the transfer propaganda technique?
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it attempts to associate a product or candidate with something that the public approves of or respects
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What is the testimonials propaganda technique?
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refers to the use of endorsements by famous people to sell products or to secure votes
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Give an example of a testmonial propaganda advertisement you have seen.
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Answers will vary. The text gives the example of the "Got Milk" campaign with famous people like Marion Jones and Oscar de la Hoya with milk moustaches, touting the benefits of drinking milk
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Give an example of a transfer propaganda advertisement you have seen.
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Answers will vary. Text gives the example of advertisers displaying their products with national symbols, such as the flag or historic monuments, suggesting that buying the product is patriotic.
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Give an example of a bandwagon propaganda advertisement you have seen.
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Answers will vary. Text gives the example of a politician or product being promoted as one already popular with the public.
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Give an example of a name-calling propaganda advertisement you have seen.
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Answers will vary. Text gives example of a politician accusing their opponents of being reckless spenders.
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Give an example of a plain-folks propaganda advertisement you have seen.
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Answers will vary. Text gives example of politician being portrayed as a plain, hard-working American who just wants to do good things for the country.
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Give an example of a glittering generalities propaganda advertisement you have seen.
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Answers will vary. Text gives example of saying that a politician believes in freedom, democracy, and the American way.
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Give an example of a card stacking propaganda advertisement you have seen.
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Answers will vary. Text gives example of advertisers presenting statistics or survey results in a way that favors their products over those of their competitors.
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Who is responsible for the economic value-added theory being applied collective behavior?
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sociologist Neil Smelser
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According Neil Smelser's value-added theory as applied to collective behavior, what are the six basic preconditions or steps?
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structural conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of generalized belief, precipitating factors, mobilization for action, and social control.
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