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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Interatomic forces |
The forces between atoms in a molecule |
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Intermolecular forces |
The forces between two molecules |
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Van der waal forces |
Weak intermolecular forces |
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Dipole dipole forces |
Forces between two polar molecules |
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Induced dipole forces |
Forces between two nonpolar molecules |
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Hydrogen bonding |
Forces between molecules in which hydrogen is covalently bonded to nitrogen oxygen or fluorine |
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Organic molecules |
Molecules containing carbon atoms |
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Functional group |
A bond or an atom or a group of atoms that determine the physical and chemical properties of a group of organic compounds |
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Hydrocarbon |
Organic compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon only |
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Homo Logus series |
A series of organic compounds that can be described by the same general formula or which one member differs from the next with a CH2 group |
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Saturated compounds |
Compounds in which there are no multiple bonds between C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains |
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Unsaturated compounds |
Compounds with one or more multiple bonds between C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains |
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Molecular formula |
A chemical formula that indicates the type of atoms and the correct number of each in a molecule |
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Structural formula |
A structural formula of a compound shows which atoms are attached to which with in the molecule. Atoms are represented by their chemical symbols and lines are used to represent all the bonds that hold the atoms together |
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Condensed structural formula |
This notation shows the way in which atoms are bonded together in a molecule but does not show all bond lines |
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Structural isomer |
Organic molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae |
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Macromolecule |
A molecule that consists of a large number of atoms |
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Polymer |
A large molecule composed of smaller monomer units covalently bonded to each other in a repeating pattern |
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Monomer |
Small organic molecules that can be covalently bonded to each other in a repeating pattern |
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Polymerisation |
A chemical reaction in which monomer molecules joined to form a polymer |
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Addition polymerisations |
A reaction in which small molecules join to form very large molecules by adding on double bonds |
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Addition polymer |
A polymer formed when monomers, usually containing a double bond, combine through an addition reaction |
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Condensation polymerisations |
Molecules of two monomers with different functional groups undergo condensation reactions with the loss of small molecules, usually water |
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Condensation polymer |
A polymer formed by two monomers with different functional groups that are linked together in a condensation reaction in which a small molecule, usually water, is lost |
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Heat of reaction |
The energy absorbed or released in a chemical reaction |
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Exothermic reactions |
Reactions that release energy |
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Endothermic reaction |
Reactions that absorb energy |
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Activation energy |
The minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place |
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Activated complex |
The unstable transition stage from reactants to products |
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Reaction rate |
Is the change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time |
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Positive catalyst |
A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself undergoing a permanent change |
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Open system |
One which continuously interacts with its environment |
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Closed system |
One which is isolated from its surroundings |
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Chemical equilibrium |
It is a dynamic equilibrium when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction |
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Le Chatalier's Principle |
When the equilibrium in a closed system is disturbed the system will reinstate a new equilibrium by favouring the reaction that will oppose the disturbance |
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Arrhenius acid |
A substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+)/hydronium ions (H3O+) when it dissolves in water |
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Lowry-Bronsted Acid |
a proton (H+ ion) donor |
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Lowry-Bronsted Base |
a proton (H+ ion) acceptor |
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Strong acids |
Ionise completely in water to form a high concentration of H3O+ ions |
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Weak acids |
Ionise incompletely to form a low concentration of H3O+ ions |
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Strong bases |
Dissociate completely in water to form a high concentration of 0H minus ions |
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Weak bases |
Dissociate/ionise incompletely in water to form a low concentration of 0H minus ions |
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Concentrated acid/bases |
Contain a large amount or a number of moles of acid/space in proportion to the volume of water |
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Dilutes acid/bases |
Contain a small amount or number of moles of acid/base in proportion to the volume of water |
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Ampholyte/amphiprotic substance |
A substance that can act as either an acid or a base |
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Auto ionisation of water |
The reaction of water with it self to form H3O plus ions and 0H minus ions |
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Kw |
The equilibrium constant for the ionisation of water |
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Oxidation |
A loss of electrons, an increase in oxidation number |
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Reduction |
A gain of electrons, a decrease in oxidation number |
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Oxidising agent |
A substance that is reduced/gains electrons |
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Reducing agent |
A substance that is oxidised/loses electrons |
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Anode |
The electrode where oxidation takes place |
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Cathode |
The electrode where reduction takes place |
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Electrolyte |
A solution/liquid/dissolved substances that conducts electricity through the movement of ions |
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Electrolysis |
The chemical process in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy or the use of electrical energy to produce a chemical change |
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Galvanic cell |
Self-sustaining reaction, conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy |
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Electrolytic cell |
Electrode reaction sustained by a supply of electrical energy, conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy |
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Eutrophication |
The process by which an ecosystem, E. G. A river or dam, becomes enriched with inorganic plant nutrients, especially phosphorus and nitrogen, resulting in excessive plant growth. As plant growth becomes excessive the amount of dead and decaying plant material increases rapidly. |