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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Separates mixtures based on density
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centrifuge
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heat of fusion
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the amt energy required to melt a substance and the amt energy released when substance freezed
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heat of vaporization
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the amt energy required to vaporize liquid at its boiling point or condense it
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sublimation
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solid to gas
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entropy
What phase has the most entropy? Does entropy change when solid to a solution? |
randomness
gas a solution has more entropy than its solid counterpart Ex: NaCl(s) to NaCl (aq) |
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When do liquids boil?
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when vapor pressure of liquid is equal to atmospheric pressure
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Ideal Gases (7)
What kind of gases behave most ideally? |
-particles travel in random, straight-line motion
-particles have no attractive forces -no change in energy during collisions -volume doesn't matter -high temp -low pressure smaller molecule gases |
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Kelvin conversion
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273 + C = K
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1 mole of any gas at STP
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22.4 L
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What is the relation between weight of a gas and the rate of diffusion?
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Lighter gases (fewer moles) diffuse faster
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Dalton
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said atom is a solid sphere
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Thompson
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said atoms have pos/neg particles randomly arranged
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Rutherford (3)
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Gold Foil Experiment: shot postive alpha particles at gold foil, most went through
-protons in a small nucleus -electrons outside nucleus -most of an atom empty space |
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Bohr
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Electrons in concentric rings
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Electrons found in orbital clouds according to this model (3 names)
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Wave Mechanical
Quantum Mechanical Oribital |
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How much do protons, neutrons, and electrons weigh?
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proton- 1 a.m.u.
neutron-1 a.m.u. electron- 0 or 1/1836 of a proton |
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What is the charge of the nucleus?
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postive
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What owns all of the mass of an atom?
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nucleus
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What is the nuclear charge of an atom?
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the atomic #, the # protons
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isotope
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diff # neutrons, diff mass # (sum of protons+neutrons)
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atomic mass
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weighted average of naturally occuring isotopes
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spectral line patterns
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unique pattern of bright lines representing specific wavelengths
-no two elements have same pattern -caused by excited electrons move from higher energy level to ground state |
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artificial tran wsmutation
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changing one element into another (look for 2 reactants in nuclear equation)
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An elements is stable if...
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#protons=#neutrons
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fission vs. fusion
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fission: splitting large nucleus which releases energy (bang element w/ neutron)
fusion: joing small nuclei in to large nuclei which releases energy (H+H) |
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Forming vs. breaking bonds
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Forming: exothermic, releases energy, elements more stable
Breaking: endothermic, absorbs energy, elements less stable |
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Ionic Bonds
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transfer of electrons from one element to another resulting in ions being formed
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Covalent Bonds
(polar vs. nonpolar) |
sharing electrons between 2 nonmetals, form molecules
Nonpolar: even electron sharing between 2 identical nonmetals (diatomic) Polar:2 diff nonmetals bonded share electrons unevenly |
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Metallic bonds
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metals bonded
"positive nuclei emmersed in a sea of mobile electrons" -explains why metals conduct e- well -conduct heat well -are malleable and ductile |
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London Dispersion Forces
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weakest attraction between nonpolar, symmetrical shaped molecules and the noble gases
(larger and molecules that are closer together increase attraction) |
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Dipole-Dipole Attraction
(strongest kind) |
stronger attraction than LDF between 2 polar shaped molecules
Hydrogen Bonding: strongest dipole attraction between H (+) and N, O, and F (- elements w/ highest electronegativity) |
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What explains the high boiling pt. of water?
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Hydrogen Bonding
Water molecules are so attracted to eachother it is hard to separate them |
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Molecule-ion attraction
(What does this explain) |
strongest intermolecular attraction, between polar shaped molecule and ion
Explains how NaCl dissolves in H2O: positive H attracted to negative Cl, positive Na attracted to negative O |
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binary compound vs. ternary compound
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compound of 2 elements
compound of 2 element |
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Which gas has more molecules?
How many moles in Ne at 273 K, 2 atm, and 22.4 L? |
22.4 L at 1 atm or 22.4 L at 2 atm
2 moles |
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Uranium-238 and Lead-206
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used for mineral dating
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Technetium-99 (Tc)
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tumor tracer
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Iodine-131
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thyroid cancer radiation
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Carbon-14 and Carbon-12
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fossil dating
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When do you have to use Kelvin?
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Combined gas law
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Calculate the weighted average of Carbon 13 and Carbon 12. 73% is Carbon 13 and 27% is Carbon 12
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(.73x13)+(.27x12)=12.73
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Complete the equation
___ --> 0 60 -1 e + 28 Ni |
60
27 Co |
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Lewis Dots for Ca, C, and N
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xx
Ca x x C x x xx x N x x |
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How many sigfigs?
0.00640 120. 120.0 1000 1.0+1.25= 1.0x2.50= |
3
3 4 1 1.3 2.5 |