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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is cognition?
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Scientific study of the mind
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When was the behavioral revolution?
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1960's
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Sensation vs. Perception
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Sensation = Light hits eyes
Perception = Brain makes sense of it |
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Bottom-up processing
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info-driven, parts
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Top-down processing
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context driven
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template approach
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store all possible templates, formed through experiences
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problem with template approach?
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not everything fits into a template, can't explain generalization
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prototype approach
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average all templates together
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canonical perspective
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angle that best represents an object
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feature analysis approach
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identify specific features that make up an item
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word superiority effect
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top-down approach
researchers flashed either "k" or "work", word condition was more accurate |
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place of articulation
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where the sound happens (roof of mouth/lips)
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Miller & Nicely (1955)
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hear sounds + white noise
"what did you hear?" confused sounds more often than when 1 feature differed (p vs. b... w vs. b) |
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phoneme restoration effect
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can understand word even with missing sound
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Warren & Warren
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*eel study, context cues, top-down
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Biederman (1987)
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Recognition by components theory
Geons basic 3D shapes make up everything |
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Agnosia
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problems with perception
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Apperceptive agnosia
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can't put parts together into a whole (human drawing, parts everywhere)
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Spatial agnosia
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spatial ability problems (can get lost in own house)
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Prosopagnosia
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problems recognizing faces
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filter theory of attention
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stimuli -> sensation/perceptual analysis -> bottleneck -> response
(unattended info is lost) |
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Evidence for filter theory of attention
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dichotic listening task (Broadbent 1952)
shadowing task (Cherry 1953) "repeat what is coming into your left ear" |
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Problem with filter theory of attention
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Cocktail party effect (Moray 1959)
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Attenuation theory
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Anne Treisman (1960)
messages filtered but not lost |
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Evidence for attenuation theory
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Gray & Wedderburn (1960)
Mice Scratch Cheese... Dogs Eat Fleas Physical location doesn't always matter |
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dual task paradigm
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harder to do 2 tasks concurrently if both are within same modality
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practice & divided attention
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Spelke, Hirst, & Neisser (1976)
read & take dictation, can improve with practice |
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Stroop Effect
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Automatic vs. Conscious processing
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automatic processing
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mental processes without awareness, more automaticity, less attentional resources
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Hemineglect
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Failure to attend to left side of visiospatial areas and mental images
due to damage of the right parietal lobe |
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Testing for hemineglect
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Line bisection task
-----x------ --------x--- |
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Dual-Coding Hypothesis
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two types of thought, verbal codes ("apple") and imagery codes (picture of an apple)
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propositional codes
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under verbal codes
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analog codes
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under imagery codes
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logogens
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under verbal codes
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imagens
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under imagery codes
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concrete words are coded as:
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both logogens and imagens
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abstract words are coded as:
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just logogens
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Pavio (1965)
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learn list of 16 noun pairs
2 concrete, 1 concrete/1 abstract, 1 abstract/1concrete, 2 abstract 11.41, 10.01, 7.36, 6.05 correct |
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Shepard (1967)
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study list of pictures and list of words, 2 hour delay, then recall
100% pics recalled 80% words recalled |
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Schooler & Engstrom-Schooler (1990)
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Shown a robbery video
Either imagine the robber or verbally describe the robber Imagining the robber was more accurate |
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Shepard & Metzler (1971)
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Mental rotation task
more degrees of rotation, longer it takes to determine if same image Evidence for similarity between images and real life* |
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Kosslyn (1985)
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imagine fly standing next to rabbit/elephant
"does the rabbit have red eyes?" elephant condition took longer to answer Evidence for similarity between images and real life* |
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Kosslyn, Ball, & Reiser (1978)
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a fictitious map of an island, travel from A to B.
Took longer if route was longer Evidence for similarity between images and real life* |
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Brooks (1968)
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F
start to top left, work way around, answer yes/no at each corner if it's a top or bottom either speak or point yes/no Evidence for similarity between images and real life* |
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Chambers & Reisberg (1985)
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duck/rabbit image, shown 5 secs
told either see duck or rabbit when they mentally picture it they don't see the other, when they draw it they do see the other Evidence for difference between mental imagery and real life* |
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Tversky (1982)
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errors in map imaging due to previous experience
"is reno more east than san diego? Evidence for difference between mental imagery and real life* |