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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Dyslexia |
bottom 10-15% of readers not intelligence related developmental/aquired many types |
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Stages of Reading Development |
1) Logographic 2) Alphabetic 3) Orthographic |
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Logographic |
4-5yrs Small sight vocab identified by salient images Can't attempt unfamiliar words |
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Alphabetic |
5-7yrs phonics Attempts new words |
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Orthographic |
7-8+ya Reads words whole Not visual or cue based Rapid recognition of letter strings |
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Dual Route Model |
Lexical Route (whole words) Nonlexical Route (sounding out) |
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Lexical Route |
Print -> Letter Recognition -> Written Word Store -> Word Meaning Store -> Spoken Word Store -> Speech Sounds -> Speech |
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Nonlexical Route |
Print -> Letter Recognition -> Letter-Sound Rules -> Speech Sounds -> Speech |
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Developmental Surface Dyslexia |
Failure to acquire written word store/poor whole word recognition Spell as the word sounds Have difficulties with homophones bean/been yacht -> y a ch t |
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Phonological Dyslexia |
Lexicalisation Errors Reads nonwords as familiar words (Regularises) Problem with letter/sound rules dink -> drink |
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Hyperlexia |
Often associated with Aspergers/Autism Very good reading of real and nonwords Poor comprehension and spoken vocab |
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Letter ID Dyslexia |
Good matching orientation and across fonts Poor matching across cases (Aa) not a visual problem |
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Letter Position Dysleixa |
Migrateable words/anagrams cloud/could definitions task |
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Treatment |
Target Particular difficulties Intense phonics learning |
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Surface Dyslexia Treatment |
Flashcards - effects depend on amount of words and frequency of difficult words |
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Hyperlexia Treatment |
Vocab Training |
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Phonological Dyslexia Treatment |
Phonics training programs |
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Letter ID Dyslexia Treatment |
Letter training - letterland |
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Letter Position Dyslexia Treatment |
Following with finger |
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Aphasia |
acquired communication disorder usually after a stroke Language skills are impaired, intelligence is not |
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Aphasia difficulties |
speaking writing understanding speech and text reading aloud repeating gesturing |
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Aphasia Cause |
Damage to Temporo-parietal region in the left hemisphere head injury brain tumours brain surgery brain infection progressive brain diseases (dementia) |
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Recovery |
Treatment is individual speech pathology for many years, most rapid improvement is withing 3 months, many never recover. |
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Patterns of Impairment |
Receptive or Expressive Symptoms clustered into syndromes - Broca's, Wernicke's, conduction, transcortical motor |
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Broca's Aphasia |
Good comprehension not fluent little grammatical error Left Frontal Area eg. walk dog, book book two table generally understand, get frustrated |
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Wernicke's Aphasia |
Poor comprehension Fluent Jargon |
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Identifying the Cause of Aphasia |
-tasks with which they have problems -what errors they make -what influences whether they make an error |
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Types of Errors Aphasia |
Semantic Errors Phonological Unrelated Visual Circumlocation No Response Preservation |
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Semantic Errors Aphasia |
words related to the target word square -> triangle |
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Phonological Errors Aphasia |
words sounding similar to target Square -> Scare? |
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Circumnavigation Aphasia |
describes the target, does not give a word Square -> shape with four sides |
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Preservation Aphasia |
Repetition of the same word Does not realise Generally frontal lobe damage Square -> Square Cat -> Square fridge -> square |
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Model of Word Production Aphasia |
-Lexical Semantics -Word forms -Word Sounds (fur, paws, tail, pet, barks, four legs, fins) -> (cat, dog, fish) |
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Impaired Word Meaning Aphasia |
semantic problems with writing, listening comprehension, reading comprehension |
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Impaired Word Forms Aphasia |
Access No problems with writing, or comprhension |
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Assessing Aphasia |
Picture Matching with either spoken or written word |
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Specific Language Impairment |
Unexplained difficulty in learning to understand (receptive) and/or speak (expressive) one's native language. Affects around 5% of people |
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Why is it specific? |
Normal: -intelligence - hearing -articulation - environment - development in other areas - physiology/psychology |
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Appearance in receptive SLI |
not listening disinterest in stories hard to follow instructions parroting depends on non-verbal cues poor understanding of complete sentences |
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Appearance of expressive SLI |
hard to find the right word limited vocabulary short simple sentences uses the wrong words incorrect grammar poor relaying of info |
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Hidden Disability SLI |
less awareness good at many things poor understanding can seem unintelligent or rude failure to express oneself can look unintelligent or rude |
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Assessment of Specificity |
Standard tests for hearing - audiologist Nonverbal intelligence and attention - psychologist articulation - speech therapist |
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Phonology SLI |
Use of speech sounds in language R- CELF4 Phoneme Segmentation (what sounds are in the word "wizard"? w i z u d) E- Nonword repetition (repeat "expeliarmus") |
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Vocab SLI |
Knowledge of words and their meanings R- Peabody Picture Vocab Test (select the picture that shows a witch) E- Expressive Vocab Test (name an object (broomstick)) |
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Syntax SLI |
Rules for combining words into sentences R- Test for reception of grammar (select the picture of "a witch stunning a wizard") E- CELF4 Formulated Sentences (create a sentence a sentence about a picture using a given word) |
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Pragmatics |
language in a social setting |
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Proximal SLI Treatment |
Train cognitive processes that immediately underpin receptive and expressive language Carried out by trained speech pathologists Computer Programs (Fast ForWord, Daisy Quest, Earobies) |
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Distal SLI Treatment |
Treats deficits hypothesised to be an underlying cause of SLI Poor auditory processing (Fast ForWord, Tomatis Therapy (music)) Poor working memory (CogMed) Poor brain functioninig (Fish Oil, Brain Gym) |
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Choosing a Treatment SLI |
1) Find a Systematic Review (about the topic, independent and peer reviewed) 2) DIY Systematic Review (with control group, significant or little difference) 3) Use indirect evidence (find out what the treatment is meant to treat) Focus on changes in behaviour, not in the brain |
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Autism |
Kanner 1943 - Autistic disturbance of affective contact "children's inability to relate themselves in the ordinary way" Asperger 1944 - Autistic psychopathy in childhoor "a fundamental disturbance which... results in severe and characteristic difficulties of social integration" |
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (DSM-5) Social Communication deficits |
Need all 3 social emotional reciprocity nonverbal communication developing and maintaining social relationships |
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Autism Behaviour and Interests |
At least 2 abnormally restricted interests inflexible routines and rituals motor mannerisms preoccupation with parts of objects |
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Non diagnostic Features of Autism |
intellectual disability savant skills prosopagnosia epilepsy language impairment sensory hypersensitivity memory problems attention deficit motor discoordination reading difficulties dietary issues |
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Theory of Mind |
the ability to comprehend and predict behaviour in terms of underlying mental states other minds are invisible understanding others' mental states may differ from one's own Overcoming the "salience of reality" may be due to inhibiting own belief system |
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False Beliefs |
after beinng shown something, difficult to understand others don't know same thing 20% of people with autism pass the test struggle to remember past mental states can pass picture sequencing if do not involve mental states understange sabotage but not deceipt no problem with fasle photos |
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Modular View Autism |
Humans evolved discrete genetically programmed cognitive modules frontal lobe handles executive functions - planning, hold memory while completing other tasks, shifting response set, inhibit responses and info |
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Agosia |
brains generate a percept based on input and experience allows us to recognise and understand the world "absence of knowledge" Damage to extra sriate cortex normal colour, depth, movement, visual field disordered object perception |
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Three stage model of object perception |
local features shape representation object representation |
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Apperceptive Agnosia |
unable to group elements or match/recognise objects |
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Associative Agnosia |
meaning of object is affected guesses (ball -> wheel) lists distinct features (glove -> container with 5 pouches) |
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Similtagnosia |
Dorsal - can recognise elements one object at a time, not a whole scene. Has difficulties with gaze, pointing, reaching Ventral - Multiple objects can be seen, counted and manipulated, but not a whole scene |
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Optic Aphasia |
Similar to associative Can pantomime use Select a named objecct from a group Can recognise if they can touch and manipulate |
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Amusia |
Can't recognise music Often occurs with agnosia disassociate, - LH damage may be able to sing -RH damage may affect singing but not speech |
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Prosopagnosia |
Can't recognise faces Can be acquired or developmental (12-15%) Usually damage occipital or temporal lobe in the occipital face area or fusifrom face area |
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Causes of Agnosia |
stroke dementia developmental recovery from blindness poor understanding car accident drugs |
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Retrograde Amnesia |
Loss of existing memories Rare Ribot's Law - first in first out Shrinking of extent of damage Usually doesn't affect personal knowledge Forgets own experienced past Can affect general knowledge events and people Doesn't affect procedural memory |
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Anterograde Amnesia |
Rapid forgetting Not remindable memories do not endure failure to consolidate new learning failure to retrieve new info Henry Molaison lived in present tense |
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Causes of Amnesia |
Frontal lobe dysfunction traumatic brain injury depression - neurochemical imbalance stroke - anterior circulation - thalamus Wenicke-Korsakoff syndrome (B1 deficiency) |
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Standard Consolidation Theory |
hippocampus integrates memories Hands memories over to cortex Memories become independent Bad at explaining non-graded retrograde amnesia |
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Multiple Trace Theory |
Consolidation happens over time Hiipocampus creates new trace of memory and keeps a copy Recent memories with limited damage have fewer traces Widespread damage affects new and old memories |
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Delusions |
Can be monothematic typically has insight that it sounds odd encapsulated, not follow up obvious consequences Not rare |
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Mirrored-self delusion
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do not recognise self in reflection mirror agnosia/impaired face perception |
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Capgras Delusion |
Someone emotionally close has been replaced by an imposter No autonomic emotional response to the face |
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Cotard Delusion |
Belief one is dead Complete autonomic non-reactivity |
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Somatoparaphrenia Delusion |
belief that part of one's body belongs to someone else paralysis |
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Fregoli Delusion |
constantly followed by people one know's in disguise Over activation of autonomic nervous system by face stimuli |
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Alien Control Delusion (passivity) |
other people control movements of parts of one's body Failure of comparison between intended and executed action |
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Two Factor Theory - Delusions |
1- what suggested the idea? 2 - what prevented proper evaluation of the belief? Damage to the belief evaluation system in the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex |
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Schizophrenia |
severe psychiatric illness affects ~1% of population, equal ration of male to female typical onset in late adolescence/early adulthood, earlier in males heterogenous condition |
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Schizophrenia Symptoms |
At least one of: - Delusions - Hallucinations - Disorganised speech/behaviour At least two of the above or also: - negative symptoms May also have - drop in social and occupational functioning - signs present for at least 6 months |
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Schizophrenia Delusions
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Persecutory Of Reference Of Control 'Loss of Boundary' Grandiose and Religious Somatic |
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Schizophrenia Hallucinations |
Auditory - Nonverbal/Verbal (Music/Comments) Visual Somatic - body Olfactory - smell Gustatory - taste |
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Schizophrenia Disorganised Speech |
Derailment (sick, money, leak, mattress, council, motto, Latin) Tangentiality (Iowa, white, north, ancestors) Illogicality (parents raise you, rocks can be parents) |
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Schizophrenia Negative Symptoms
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Flat effect - no emotion Alogia - no speech Apathy - no care Anhedonia - no pleasure Asociality - no social |
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Schizophrenia Levels of Study |
Epidemiology Genetics Cognitive Post-mortem Clinical Diagnosis |
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Schizophrenia Clinical Approach |
Subtyping Patients - paranoid, disorganised, catatonic, undifferentiated (not static over time) Subtype Symptoms into Syndromes - positive symptoms (respond to antipsychotic medication, attributed to neurotransmitter dysfunction ((overactive dopamine)) - negative symptoms (associated with structural brain changes) |