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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gram Positive Cell Wall characteristics |
Stains blue very thick NO endotoxin NO periplasmic space does NOT block diffusion of antibiotics (vulnerable to penicillins and lysozyme 2 layers contains teichoic acid |
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Gram Negative Cell Wall characteristics |
stains red has 3 layers very thin cell wall has murein lipoprotein has periplasmic space and porin channel contains endotoxin Lipid A on outer cell wall blocks diffusion of penicillins and lysozyme HIGH lipid content |
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What is the causative organism for tuberculosis |
mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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How is tuberculosis spread? |
via airborne transmission (droplets) |
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What type of bacterium require dark field microscopy? |
Spirochetes |
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Gram positive cocci |
Non mobile do NOT form spores
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What enzyme is referred to as the "spreading factor" and is necessary for invading tissue during spread of infection? |
Hyaluronidase |
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Streptococcus |
arranged in chains or pairs
ALL are catalase negative |
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What type of streptococcus completely lyse RBC's |
Beta-hemolytic streptococcus
Alpha hemolytic- partially lyse RBC Gamma-hemolytic- Unable to lyse RBC *BAG* |
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Group A streptococci cause what?
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Group A-most important human pathogens
1. streptococcal pharyngitis 2. pyogenic infections 3. tonsillitis 4. scarlet fever/rheumatic fever |
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Beta-hemolytic streptococcus |
hemolytic ability due to production of hemolysins
many strains are anti phagocytic
ability to adhere to pharyngeal epithelium |
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What kind of streptococcus are normal inhabitants of Nasopharynx and Gingival Cervices? |
Viridans group of streptococcus (mostly alpha-hemolytic) |
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What type of streptococcus binds to teeth and produces dextran polysaccharides in the presence of sucrose, then can produce dental caries and acid |
S. mutans |
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S. Mutans |
metabolizes sucrose to lactic acid which creates an acid environment, therefore demineralizing enamel
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What does S. Mutans use sucrose to produce? |
Dextrans |
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What are the bacteria associated with abscesses? |
S.intermedius and S. anginosus |
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Most common viridans organims |
S. Mutans-caries S. sobrinus-caries S. salivarius-colonizes oral tissue-- ASSOCIATED WITH THE TONGUE |
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What type of cocci is penicillin-G resistant |
STAPHYLcoccus |
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characteristics of staphylococcus |
1. non-mobile 2. non-spore forming 3. facultative aerobe
typical lesion of a staphylococcus is abscess formation |
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What staphyl bacteria is a major producer of proteins called leukocidins (destroy phagocytes)
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staphylococcus aureus
destroyed phagocytes make up much of the material in pus |
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What is the staphylococcus infection that is the MOST resistant disease-causing organism? |
MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Vancomycin and Bactrim antibiotics to tx MRSA |
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What type of gram positive ROD is the causative organism for anthrax or food poisoning? |
Bacillus |
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What is the gram positive rod that is the causative organism for meningitis and sepsis? |
Listeria
It has endotoxin |
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What is the gram- cocci causative organism for meningitis or gonorrhea |
Neisseria |
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What does gram(-) spiral shaped organisms |
Syphilis Treponemtosies Lyme disease Leptospirosis
Found in association with NUP/NUG |
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What type of microbe is associate with advanced carious lesions DEEP in enamel and are aciduric? |
Lactobacillus |
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What gram positive pleomorphic rods have been implicated in root caries? |
Actinomyces |
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Which phase of bacteria growth consists of slow growth at first as bacteria acclimate to their environment? |
Lag phase
cellular metabolic activity was not increased during this phase |
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what phase of bacteria growth occurs very rapidly, and is the phase where microorganisms are most prone to breakdown by antimicrobial agents |
Logarithmic (exponential) phase |
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What phase of bacteria growth shows no net increase or decrease in cell numbers |
Stationary Phase
nutrients are used up and waste products build |
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What phase of bacteria growth will the microbes die off? |
Death phase |
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Which sugar is used by S.mutan to produce dextrans |
Sucrose |
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Other sugars such as fructose, lactose, and glucose can be digested by S.mutans but the end product is what? |
Lactic acid (not dextrans) |
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A combination of what 2 products produces dental caries? |
Plaque + Acid= Caries |
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Which viridian organisms produce caries? |
S.mutans and S.sobrinus |
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Which viridian organisms produce endocarditis? |
S.mitis |
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Which viridian organism produce plaque colonization and endocarditis? |
S.sanguis |
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Which viridian organism produce colonization of oral tissues and is associated with the TONGUE? |
S.salivarius |
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Viridans streptococcus is implicated in what condition? |
Facial cellulitis |
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Streptococcus pneumonia is encapsulated with what type of saccharide layer? |
Polysaccharide layer. This makes it very resistant and destructive |
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Which gram (+) rod causes Tetanus(lock jaw) Botulism Gangrene Food poisoning Pesudomembranous colitis? |
Clostridium |
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Which gram (+) rod is the causative organism for diphtheria? |
Corynebacterium |
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The most commonly used source of energy is carbon and _____ for humans and bacteria. |
Glucose |
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A major factor in growth of bacteria is oxygen metabolism. What are the 3 forms of highly reactive radicals? |
Hydrogen peroxide Superoxide radicals Hydroxyl radicals |
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What are the 3 enzymes called that break down oxygen products? |
Catalase (breaks down hydrogen peroxide) Peroxidase (breaks down hydrogen peroxide) Superoxide dismutase (breaks down superoxide radical) |
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Obligate aerobes |
-Just like us! -Have all enzymes( catalase, peroxidase, superoxide, dismutase) -Uses Kreb cycle and glycolysis Examples: Neisseria Pseudomonas Legionella Mycobacterium |
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Facultative anaerobes |
Aerobic Use oxygen Can grow in the absence of oxygen by using fermentation Examples: Staphylococcus Listeria Actinomyces( root careis!) Gram (-) rods |
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Obligate Anaerobes |
HATE Oxygen! Examples: Prevotella Prophyromonas gingivalis |
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Microaerophilic bacteria |
"Aeorotolerant anaerobes" Use fermentation Tolerate low amounts of oxygen because they have "superoxide dismutase" Examples: Streptococcus Spirochetes Campylobacter(pregnancy gingivitis) |
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Which bacteria is associated with; pregnancy gingivitis, facial cellulitis, NUP/NUG?
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Prevotella |
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Which pathogen is associated with periodontal disease? |
Porphyromonas gingivalis |
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What is the name of the enzyme in porphyromonas gingivalis |
Collagenase (enzyme capable of breaking down collagen in connective tissue and periodontal attachment apparatus) Tetracyclines(like doxycycline) have anit-collagenase properties making them ideal treatment options in the treatment of periodontal disease |
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Antibiotic kills most bacteria but is ineffective in killing? |
fungal organisms |
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What treatment is used topically to treat oral candidiasis? |
Nystatin |
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What treatment is used systemically to treat oral candidiasis? |
Fluconazole |
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Superficial candidiasis that can be wiped off to reveal red ulceration? |
thrush |
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Systemic infection of candida may involve: |
Lungs Kidneys Heart Esophagus**** |
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mRNA |
Positive strand RNA |
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Template for production of mRNA |
Negative strand RNA |
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What are examples of RNA viruses? |
Hep A, C, D, E.. NOT hep B Rhino virus Influenza virus Mumps Measles Rabies HIV** |
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DNA has BOTH positive and negative strands RNA NEVER has both |
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Role of mRNA |
Move the information contained in DNA to the cells cytoplasm where protein synthesis and viral replication takes place DNA-->mRNA-->aminoacids |
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What is the primary function of mRNA? |
Translation |
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DNA to RNA is defined as? |
Transcription |
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Examples of DNA virus |
Human papilloma virus Herpes Simplex I and II Varicella-Zoster CMV Epstein-Barr virus Smallpox |
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What is the causative agent for Epstein barr virus? |
Herpes virus It is NOT- retrovirus, rhino virus, rota virus |
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Epstein-Barr virus is the causative organism for |
Infectious mononucleosis (may also be implicated in malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt's lymphoma) |
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The Epstein-barr virus is also implicated by? |
Oral hairy leukoplakia |
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Measles are spread via? |
Nasopharyngeal secretions Measles CAN cross PLACENTAL BARRIERS |
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Koplik's spots (measles) are described as? |
small, red-based lesions with blue centers in the mouth |
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Coxsackie virus is a causative organism for? |
Herpangina |
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Varicella-zoster virus(VZV) cause? |
Chickenpox and herpes zoster(shingles) |
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The only Hepatitis virus that is not an RNA is? |
HBV(Hepatitis B). It is the only one that is a DNA virus |