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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Reference: Experience Human Development, 15th ed. by Diane Papalia and Gabriela Martorell |
Reference: Experience Human Development, 15th ed. by Diane Papalia and Gabriela Martorell |
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human development |
scientific study of processes of change and stability throughout the human life span. |
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life-span development |
concept of human development as a lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically. |
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physical development |
growth of body and brain, including patterns of change in sensory capacities, motor skills, and health. |
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cognitive development |
pattern of change in mental abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. |
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psychosocial development |
pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships. |
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social construction |
a concept or practice that may appear natural and obvious to those who accept it but that in reality is sn invention of a particular culture or society. |
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individual differences |
differences in characteristics, influences, or developmental outcomes. |
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heredity |
inborn traits or characteristics inherited from the biological parents. |
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environment |
totality of nonhereditary, or experiential, influences on development. |
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maturation |
unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes. |
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nuclear family |
two-generational kinship, economic, and household unit consisting of one or two parents and their biological children, adopted children, or stepchildren. |
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extended family |
multigenerational kinship network of parents, children, and other relatives, sometimes living together in an extended-family household. |
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polygamy |
family structure in which one spouse, most commonly a man, is married to more than one partner. |
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socioeconomic status (SES) |
combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, including income, education, and occupation. |
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COVID-19 |
a novel coronavirus disease causing fatigue, loss of sense of smell, fever, and respiratory distress; the source of the 2019 pandemic |
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risk factors |
conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative developmental outcome. |
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culture |
a society's or group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, and physical products—all learned behavior, passed on from parents to children. |
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individualistic culture |
a culture in which people tend to prioritize personal goals ahead of collective goals and to view themselves as distinct individuals. |
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collectivistic culture |
a culture in which people tend to prioritize collaborative social goals ahead of individual goals and to view themselves in the context of their social relationships. |
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ethnic group |
a group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origins, which contribute to a sense of shared identity. |
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ethnic minorities |
ethnic groups with national or cultural traditions different from the majority of the population. |
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intersectionality |
an analytic framework focused on how a person’s multiple identities combine to create differences in privilege or discrimination. |
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Black Lives Matter |
a political and social movement focused on eliminating racially based violence against Black people through nonviolent protest and activism. |
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BIPOC |
acronym standing for Black, indigenous and people of color. |
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race |
a grouping of humans distinguished by their outward physical characteristics or social qualities from other groups. Not a biological construct. |
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ethnic gloss |
overgeneralization about an ethnic or cultural group that obscures differences within the group. |
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normative |
characteristic of an event that occurs in a similar way for most people in a group. |
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historical generation |
a group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative period. |
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cohort |
a group of people born at about the same time. |
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nonnormative |
characteristic of an unusual event that happens to a particular person or a typical event that happens at an unusual time of life. |
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imprinting |
instinctive form of learning in which, during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother. |
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critical period |
specific time when a given event or its absence has a specific impact on development. |
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plasticity |
range of modifiability of performance. |
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sensitive periods |
times in development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences. |
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theory |
coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data. |
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hypotheses |
possible explanations for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research. |
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mechanistic model |
model that views human development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli. |
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organismic model |
model that views human development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages. |
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quantitative change |
change in number or amount, such as in height, weight, size of vocabulary, or frequency of communication. |
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qualitative change |
discontinuous change in kind, structure, or organization. |
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psychoanalytic perspective |
view of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior. |
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psychosexual development |
In Freudian theory, an unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals. |
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psychosocial development |
In Erikson’s eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, or self. |
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learning perspective |
view of human development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaptation to the environment. |
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behaviorism |
learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavior |
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classical conditioning |
learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response. |
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operant conditioning |
learning based on association of behavior with its consequences. |
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operant conditioning |
learning based on reinforcement or punishment |
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reinforcement |
the process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. |
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punishment |
the process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition. |
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social learning theory |
theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models. Also called social cognitive theory. |
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reciprocal determinism |
Bandura’s term for bidirectional forces that affect development |
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observational learning |
learning through watching the behavior of others |
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self-efficacy |
sense of one’s capability to master challenges and achieve goals. |
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cognitive perspective |
view that thought processes are central to development. |
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cognitive-stage theory |
Piaget’s theory that children’s cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations. |
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organization |
Piaget’s term for the creation of categories or systems of knowledge. |
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schemes |
Piaget’s term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations. |
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adaptation |
Piaget’s term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through processes of assimilation and accommodation. |
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assimilation |
Piaget’s term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure. |
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accommodation |
Piaget’s term for changes in a cognitive structure to include new information. |
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equilibration |
Piaget’s term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation. |
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sociocultural theory |
Vygotsky’s theory of how contextual factors affect children’s development. |
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zone of proximal development (ZPD) |
Vygotsky’s term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help. |
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scaffolding |
temporary support to help a child master a task. |
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information-processing approach |
approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information. |
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information-processing approach |
approach to the study of cognitive development that analyzes processes involved in perceiving and handling information. |
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contextual perspective |
view of human development that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context. |
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bioecological theory |
Bronfenbrenner’s approach to understanding processes and contexts of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influence. |
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evolutionary/sociobiological perspective |
view of human development that focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior |
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ethology |
study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of the species. |
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evolutionary psychology |
application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior. |
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quantitative research |
research that deals with objectively measurable data. |
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scientific method |
system of established principles and processes of scientific inquiry, which includes identifying a problem to be studied, formulating a hypothesis to be tested by research, collecting data, analyzing the data, forming tentative conclusions, and disseminating findings. |
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qualitative research |
research that focuses on nonnumerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs. |
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population |
the entire pool of individuals under study from which a sample is drawn and to which findings may apply. |
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sample |
group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study. |
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random selection |
selection of a sample in such a way that each person in a population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen. |
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random sample |
a sample of individuals chosen in such a way that every individual in the population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen. |
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WEIRD |
acronym (Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) for the type of societies from which research samples are typically drawn. |
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naturalistic observation |
research method in which behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention or manipulation. |
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laboratory observation |
research method in which all participants are observed under the same controlled conditions. |
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observer bias |
any expectations, beliefs, or personal preferences of a researcher that unintentionally influence their findings. |
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case study |
study of a single subject, such as an individual or family. |
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ethnographic study |
in-depth study of a culture, which uses a combination of methods including participant observation. |
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participant observation |
research method in which the observer lives with the people or participates in the activity being observed. |
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correlational study |
research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists. |
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experiment |
rigorously controlled, replicable procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one on the other |
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experimental group |
In an experiment, the group receiving the treatment under study. |
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control group |
In an experiment, a group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treatment under study |
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independent variable |
In an experiment, the condition over which the experimenter has direct control. |
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dependent variable |
In an experiment, the condition that may or may not change as a result of changes in the independent variable. |
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operational definition |
definition stated solely in terms of the operations or procedures used to produce or measure a phenomenon. |
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random assignment |
assignment of participants in an experiment to groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group. |
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cross-sectional study |
study designed to assess age-related differences, in which people of different ages are assessed on one occasion. |
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longitudinal study |
study designed to assess age changes in a sample over time. |
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sequential study |
study design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal techniques |
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diversity |
can include race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, disability, socioeconomic status, political orientation, and so forth. |
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p-hacking |
involves combing through data until a statistically significant result is found and then developing a post hoc (after the fact) explanation for the finding. |
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beneficence |
the obligation to maximize potential benefits to participants and to minimize potential harm. |
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respect |
second principle is for participants’ autonomy and protection of those who are unable to exercise their own judgment. |
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justice |
the inclusion of diverse groups together with sensitivity to any special impact the research may have on them. |