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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List the 5 major guidelines for proper hydration
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1. do not restrict fluids before, during, or after the event
2. do not rely on thirst as an indicator of fluid losses 3. drink early and at regular intervals throughout the activity 4. do not consume alcohol before, during or after exercise because it may act as a diuretic and prevent adequate fluid replenishment 5. monitor fluid losses: weigh in before and after practice, especially during hot weather and the conditioning phase of the season |
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enzyme found in mitochondira involved in energy production; no studies of use in humans sports; used in Europe with persons having diabetes to treat insulin resistance and neuropathy ; no side effects
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ALA (alpha lipoc acid)
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intermediate in Krebs cycle ; some evidence as anticatabolic after surgery; unclear use in training; no side effects
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alpha-ketoglutarate
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protein synthesis; precursor to creatine and potential to increase GH; preursor to NO; little evidence some rationale for athletic improvement maybe the result of role as precursor to NO; some improvement in cardiac patients on protocol of 1.5g/10kg of body weight for 7 days ; no sit effects
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arginine
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anticatabolic; enhances recovery by stimulating protein and glycogen synthesis ; minimum gains in strength and lean body mass in untrained athletes and the elderly; possibly catabolic with prolonged exercise; mixed reports in trained subjects ; no side effects with short term use
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HMB (hydroxymetalbutarate)
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improves CF, FAM, and EP; limited research shows improvement in CF, FAM, Ep although studies were flawed; no side effects reported
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Siberian Ginseng (ES)
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stimulate central nervous system; increases energy; research shows with caffeine increases energy, time to exchaustion, increases metabolism without exercise, without caffiene, no benefit ; side effects include restlessness, nervousness, tachycardia, arrhythmias, hypertension, death
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Ephedrine, other sympathomimetics
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serves as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug alternative; research shows readily absorbed benefit in reducing pain and need for medication ; no side effects reported
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glucosamine
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antioxidant; increases energy expenditure ; limited research, may increase energy expenditure; same side effects as caffene
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green tea extract
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anabolic effect on muscle growth; increase fat metabolism, research shows limited ergogenic benefits ; side effects are significant and dancers ; it is illegal
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human growth hormone (HGH)
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metabolite of dimethylsulfoxide, a solvent used topically for analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties ; research shows little evidence of effectiveness for pain control in humans ; no side effects
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MSM
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What are the androgenic anabolic steroid effects in athelets?
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premature closing of growth plates
increased sex drive, acne vulgaris, enlarged breasts, testicular hypotrophy, infertility, clitoris enlargement, excessive body hair, increase strength and lean body mass, no increase in endurance performance; increased blood pressure, depresssion of HDL, HDL2, and HDL 3 cholesterol, disturbance in endocrine and immune function, peliosis (purpura) hepitits, increased liver enzymes, jaundice, cancer, infections from injectable forms, increase in aggresive behavior, mood disterbances, changes in hemostatic system and urogenital tract, altered glucose metabolism, immune system suppression, low thyroid hormone levels, short stature, tendon rupture, acne, cysts, oily scalp |
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failure of esophageal neurons, resulting in loss of ability to relax the LES and normal peristalsis
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achalasia
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backward flow of the stomach, duodenal contents or both into the esophagus characterized by burning sensation after meals or heartburn.
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GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease
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a general term for any inflammation, irritation, or swelling of the esophagus, the tube that leads from the back of the mouth to the stomach; inflammation ulceration erosisions or scarring
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esophagitis
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an out pouching of a portion of the stomach into the chest through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm . epigastric discomfort after large, energy dense meals. may require surgery
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histal hernia
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epigastric discomfort after meals (indegestion )
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dyspepsia
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rapid onset of inflammation and symptoms (nausea, vommiting, malaise, anorexia, hemorrhage, and epigastric pain) ; results when infectious chemical, or neural abnormalities disrupt mucosal integrity of the stomach
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acute gatritis
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inflammation and symptoms(nausea, vommiting, malaise, anorexia, hemorrhage, and epigastric pain) occuring over a period of time
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chronic gastritis
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defect in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, an area called the duodenum
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peptic ulcer disease
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in stomach, normal or low acid secretion
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gastric ulcers
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in duodenum; high acid secretion
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duodenal ulcers
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complex physiologic response to the rapid emptying of hypertonic contents into the duodenum and jejunum
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dumping syndrome
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What are the NCP guidelines for GERD, esophagitis, achalasia, and histal hernia?
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avoid large,high fat meals
avoid eating at least 3-4 hours before resting avoid smoking avoid alcohol beverages avoid caffeine-containing foods and beverages stay upright and avoid vigorous activity soon after eating avoid tight fitting clothing, especially after a meal consume healthy nutritionally complete diet with adequate fiber avoid acidic highly spiced foods when inflammation exists lose weight if over weight |
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What is the etiology for PED?
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h.pylori infection
Aspirin and othe NSAIDS stress gastritis |
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What is the pathophysiology for PED?
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erosion through muscularis mucosa into submucose or muscularis propria
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What is the nutrition therapy for PED?
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decrease consumption of alcohol, spices (particularly red and black peppers when inflammed) coffee and caffeine ; increase consumption of omega 3 and 6 fatty acids with may help to protect and intake of good nutrition
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rapid delivery as well as hydrolysis and absorption of CHO, produces an exaggerated rise in insulin levels with a subsequent decline in blood glucose levels
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reactive hypoglycemia (alemintary hypoglycemia)
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What is the MNT for dumping syndrome and reactive hypoglycemia? (7)
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1. small meals spread throughout the day (less dramatic fluid shifts)
2. high protein , moderate fat foods are recommended with sufficient calories for weight maintenance or gain as needed 3. intake of fibrous foods slows upper GI transit and increases viscosity. to avoid obstruction caution should be used with large particles or fiber supplements 4. lying down and aoviding activity an hour after eating may help slow gastric emptying 5. taking large amounts of liquid with meals is thought to hasten GI transit, but adequte amounts of liquid should be consumed thoughout the day, small amounts at a time 6. only very small quantities of hypertonic concentrated sweets should be ingested. these include soft drinks, juices, pies, cakes, cookies, and frozen desserts(unless made with sugar substitues) 7. Lactose, especialyly milk or ice cream may be poorly tolerated because of rapid transit and thus may need to be avoided. Cheeses and yogurt are lilkely to be better tolerated |
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Name 3 basic foods 3 neutral foods and 3 acidic foods
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BAsic: rraw spinach
olive oil, cabbage ( raw foods are less acidic) neutral : butter, fresh unsalted, cream, fresh raw, margarine, and all oils but olive acidic: coconut nuts, pasta |
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air that is swallowed (aerophagia) and other gases are produced in the gastrointestinal tract by digestive processes and bacteria ; intestinal gases: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and sometimes methane
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flatulence
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defined as having a bowel movement les than 3 times per week. it is usually associated with hard stools or difficulty passing stools
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constipation
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characterized by the frequent evacuation of liquid stools, usually exceeding 300 ml, accompanied by an excessive loss of fluid and electrolytes, espeically sodium and potassium
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diarrhea
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excess fat in the stool
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steatorrhea
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difficulty absorbing nutrients from food
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malabsorptino
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list the guidelines for high fiber diet
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1. increase consumption of whole grain breads, cereals, and other products to 6-11 servings a day
2. increase consumption of vegetables, legumes, fruits and nuts and edible seeds to 5-8 servings daily 3. consume high fiber cereals , granolas, and legumes to bring fiber intake to 25 g in women or 38 g in men or more daily 4. increase consumption of fluids to a least 2 L or approximately 2 qts daily |
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intolerance caused by genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, immune component : antibodies to specific dietary protein fractions, exposure to gluten alcohol- soluble fraction of wheat, rye, barley protein
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etiology of celiac disease
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Damage to small bowel: atrophy and flattening of villi, reduced area for absorption, cellular deficiency of disaccharides and peptidases, reduced nutrient transport carriers ; extraintestinal manifestations: anemia, bone loss, muscle weakness , polyneuropathy, endocrine disorders, follicular hyperkeratosis, dermatitis herpetitiformis; intestinal manifestations: chronic diarrhea, chronic constipation, and malabsorption of vitamins and minerals
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pathophysiology of celiac disease
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