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57 Cards in this Set
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Caffeine content in tea, soda, coffee, energy drinks, chocolate, and more |
Tea: between 60 and 107 mg Soda: 29 mg in a can of coke Coffee: between 57 and 145 mg Energy Drinks: ≈80 mg Chocolate: between 6 and 12 mg per ounce OTC Products: between 16 and 200 mg |
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Caffeine half life |
5-6 hours |
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Caffeine effects |
Good (appropriate amount): alert, better memory, stimulates hair growth, reduce fatty liver, increase semen volume, appetite suppressant Bad (too much too fast/chronic): anxiety, insomnia, laxative, dependence, increased blood pressure, abnormal heartbeat, rebound fatigue, diuretic |
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How long until caffeine withdrawal |
12-18 hours after last dose |
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Caffeine and alcohol |
Can cause death |
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Caffeine |
A xanthine stimulant found in coffee, tea, chocolate, soft drinks, and several medications. |
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Xanthines |
A family of CNS stimulant drugs that includes caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine. |
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Theobromine |
A xanthan stimulant found in chocolate. |
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Theophylline |
A xanthine stimulant found in small amounts in tea. It is used as an antiasthma medication. |
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Adenosine |
An inhibitory neurotransmitter that is blocked, or neutralized, by caffeine and other xanthines. The action on adenosine receptors in the body is the basis for the stimulant properties of these drugs. |
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Caffeinism |
A dangerous state of behavioral and physiological overstimulation from a very large dose of caffeine. |
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Types of depressants and inhalants |
. Barbiturates . Benzodiazepines . Alcohol . Beta Blockers . Common commercial products |
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Physiological effects of inhalants |
Giddiness, euphoria, dizziness, slurred speech, drowsiness, loss of consciousness, double vision, ringing in ears, and hallucinations |
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Uses for benzodiazepines and barbiturates |
Benzodiazepines: antianxiety Barbiturates: hypnotic, sedative, anticonvulsant, and anesthetic |
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Benzodiazepine and barbiturate receptors |
GABA receptors |
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Acute effects of benzodiazepines |
Controls anxiety, long half life in the elderly, confusion and loss of memory in the elderly, and increased fall risk in the elderly |
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Chronic effects of benzodiazepines |
Anxiety, insomnia, restlessness, and agitation |
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How to prevent inhalant abuse |
. Restrict the sale of model-kit glue to minors . Have unpleasant volatile chemicals in common inhalants |
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Prescription Drugs |
Medicinal drugs available to the public only one approved by a medical professional and dispensed by a licensed pharmacist. |
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OTC Drugs |
Medicinal drugs available to the public without the requirement of a prescription. |
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Dietary Supplements |
Products distributed with the intention of supplementing the diet, that contain a vitamin, mineral, amino acid, herb or other botanical product, enzyme, organ tissue, metabolites, or any combination of these substances. |
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FDA |
Food and drug administration, responsible for seeing the standards for safety, effectiveness, and honesty in labeling for the first two categories. |
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GRAS |
Drug is safe. |
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GRAE |
Drug is effective. |
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GRAHL |
Drug is honestly labeled. |
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Analgesic |
Relieves pain. |
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How long might it take a drug to be approved? |
Several years |
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How much does it cost to go through the drug development process? |
Several billion dollars |
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Phase I Trials |
An experimental drug is administered to healthy volunteers to check for possible side effects and determine patterns of absorption and elimination. |
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Phase II Trials |
An experimental drug is given to a small population of patients who have the medical condition for which the drug is considered a possible treatment. |
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Phase III Trials |
An experimental drug is given to a large population of patients, through which issues of safety, effectiveness, and proper dosage levels are finalized. |
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Four types of OTC analgesic drugs |
Aspirin, Tylenol, Advil, and Alleve |
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Biomedical Model |
The theoretical position that mental disorders are caused by abnormal biochemical processes in the brain |
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Psychotropic |
Alternative term for psychiatric |
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Typical Antipsychotics |
Antagonist at dopamine D2 receptors |
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Atypical Antipsychotics |
Also work at serotonin receptors |
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Tardive Dyskinesia |
Side effect of typical antipsychotics with jerky movements |
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Monoamine Oxidase |
Enzyme that breaks down dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin at their respective synapses in the brain |
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Bipolar Disorder |
Mood disorder in which the patient swings back and forth between feelings of depression and mania. |
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Lithium |
Treats bipolar disorder. |
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Deinstitutionalization |
The social policy of encouraging mentally ill people to be treated in community-based programs rather than in large mental hospitals |
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Prevalence of schizophrenia |
3 million people in the US (1%) |
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Schizophrenic brains |
Enlarged cerebral ventricles |
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Dopamine Hypothesis |
Schizophrenia results from excess synaptic dopamine it increased postsynaptic sensitivity to it. |
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1st generation antipsychotics |
Chlorpromazine (thorazine) and haloperidol (haldol) |
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2nd generation antipsychotics |
Clozapine (clozaril) and risperidone (risperdal) |
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3rd generation antipsychotics |
Aripiprazole (abilify) |
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Typical antipsychotic side effects |
Parkinson's-like symptoms and tardive dyskinesia |
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Atypical antipsychotic side effects |
Weight gain and metabolic disorder |
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Theories of unipolar depression |
MAO theory- reduced synaptic activity of norepinephrine and serotonin |
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1st generation antidepressants |
MAOIs- restricted diet Tricyclic antidepressants- affect cardiovascular system |
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2nd generation antidepressants |
Slow serotonin reuptake (SSRIs)- Prozac (fluoxetine) |
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3rd generation antidepressants |
Slow reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine (SNRIs)- Cymbalta (duloxetine) |
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Primary Prevention |
A type of intervention in which the goal is to forestall the onset of drug use by an individual who has had little or no previous exposure to drugs |
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Secondary Prevention |
A type of intervention in which the goal is to reduce the extent of drug use in individuals who have already been exposed to drugs to some degree |
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Tertiary Prevention |
A type of intervention in which the goal is to prevent relapse in an individual following recovery in a drug-treatment program |
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Evidence-Based |
Primary and secondary people programs must be evaluated against a control group that did not receive the intervention |