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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ungrouped Data
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raw data
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Frequency Distribution
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summary of data presented in the form of class intervals and frequencies
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Classes
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Should be between 5 and 15
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Class Width
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range divided by # of classes, round to convenient number
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Relative Frequency
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class interval divided by total frequency
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Cumulative Frequency
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adding previous frequencies with new class midpoint
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Histogram
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vertical bar chart of frequencies
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Frequency Polygon
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line graph of frequencies
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Ogive
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line graph of cumulative frequencies
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Pie Charts
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proportional representation for categories of a whole
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Steps in Frequency Distribution
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1. determine the range of frequencies
2.determine the number of classes 3.determine the width of the class interval |
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Tables
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are the simplest form of a data display
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Why tables are effective???
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simple, guide eye towards desired comparison
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Univariate Data
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a set of n observations on 1 variable
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Dot Plot
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scale w/dots, range of data shows dispersion, clustering shows central tendency
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Stacked Dot Plot
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compares 2 or more groups using common x-axis
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Frequency Distribution
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find highest and lowest numbers
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Bin Limits
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Define the values to be included in each bin, widths must all be the same
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Frequencies (bin)
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are the # of observation with in each bin, Herbert Sturges proposes that 5 to 15 bins in Histograms
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Histogram
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is a graphical representation of a frequency distribution
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Modal Class
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A histogram bar that is higher than those on any one side
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Unimodal
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a single modal class
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Bimodal
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two modal classes
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Multimodal
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more than two modal classes
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Skewness
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indicated by the direction of the longer tail of the histogram
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Tips for Effective Frequency Distribution
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1. Check sturges rule
2. Choice a nice bin width round 3. Bin Limits that are multiple of bin width 4. Make sure range is covered |
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Simple Line Charts
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used to display a time series
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Two-Scale Line Chart
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used to compare variables that differ in magnitude or are measured in different units
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Grid Graphs
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A line graph that usually has no vertical grid lines
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Log Scale: Arithmetic
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distances on y-axis are proportional to the magnitude of the variable being desplayed
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Log Scale: Logarithmetic
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(ratio scale) equal distances represent equal ratios
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Log Scale
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use for the vertical axis when data varies over a wide range. by more than an order of magnitude
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Plain Bar Charts
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Most common way to display attribute data, length of bars represent frequencies
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Edward Tutle
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Book Graphs
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Pareto Chart
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Special type of bar chart use din quality management to display the frequency of defects and errors of different types , descending frequency order
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Stacked Bar Chart
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Bar height of several subtotals. Areas may be compared by color to show patterns in the subgroups and total.
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