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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
rocks that are Metamorphic
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*schist
*slate *marble |
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rocks that are sedimetary
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*shale
*sandstone *limestone *conglomerate |
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rocks that are igneous
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*basalt (most abundunt)
*granite *rhyolite |
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term in geology that means "transformation of sediment into solid rock"
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lithification
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lithosphere
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solid upper part of the mantle with the overlying crust (about 50 miles in depth)
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difference in chrystal size between intrusive and extrusive
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extrusive - cools very fast = fine grains
intrusve - cools very slowly = coarse grains |
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what rock results when sandstone is metamorphose
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quartzite
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what rock results when shale is metamorphose
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mica
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what rock results when basalt is metamorphose
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chlorite and other green rocks
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what rock results when limestone is metamorphose
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marble
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what rock results when granite is metamorphose
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granite gneiss
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what is the columbia plataeu in washington and oregan made of
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basalt
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what is the boundary between the mantle and crust called
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moho discontinuity
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how many lithospheric plates are there?
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7
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what are the sierra nevada mountains made of
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granite
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what are the islands of hawaii made of
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basalt
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what part of the earth is believed to be molten
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outer core
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what are the outer and inner core made of
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outer- molten metallic iron
inner - solid iron |
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what are the three most abundant elements in earth's surface
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oxygen, silicon, aluminum
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what is the name of the 200 million year old super continent
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pangaea
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what does pangaea mean
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all land
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how was cascades range formed
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continental plate collision
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how was mount st. helens formed
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volcanism from melting plate
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how were the hawaiian islands formed
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divergent, plate movement is initiated at the mid-oceanic ridges
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what kind of boundary is mid-oceanic ridge
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divergent
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what kind of boundary is subduction zone
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convergent
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volcanic arc
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a curving chain of active volcanoes formed above subduction zone and adjacent to a convergent plate boundary
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name a volcanic arc in the u.s.
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cascade volcanic arc in skamania county washington
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island arc
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a group of volcanic islands im arch like pattern - formed by volcanic activity and ocieanic plate subduction at convergent plate margins
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name an island arc in the pacific
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Japan
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what are the main mineral components of granite
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primarily four minerals ; quartz, feldspar, mica, hornblende
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what kind of boundary is San Andreas Fault
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transform - plates slide past eachother
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where is San Andrea Fault
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California
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how were the Appalachian Mts. formed
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formed during plate collisions
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what is a dip
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angle of the tilt in tilted beds
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what is an anticline
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along a ridge of a fold, layers slope downward AWAY from the axis
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what is a graben
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formed by blocks of crust uplifted and depressed along faults
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what is a syncline
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in the trough of a fold, layers slope downward TOWARD the axis
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what a normal fault
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the hanging wall moves down relative to the other side- often result from tensional forces
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what is a reverse fault
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the hanging walls move up; result from compressional forces
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what is the oceanic crust made of
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lavas made mostly of basalt
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what kind of feature is death valley
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graben/ horst
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what is laurasia
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the northern part of the supercontinent after its split
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what is gonwanaland
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the southern part of the supercontinent after its split
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what are the two types of earth's crust and what are they made out of
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* thin oceanic crust - underlies ocean basins (made mostly of basalt)
* thick continential crust - underlies continents (made mostly of granite) |
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alluvium
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river sediment
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what is a hydrograph
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a graph showing the fluctuation in discharge through time
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oxbow lakes
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sometimes meanders tighten and forms cutoffs and forms and abandonded meander
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meander scars
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oxbow lakes that have been filled over time with mud and organics
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natural levee
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when sediment loads are deposited on the channel banks forming ridges that run parallel to the channel
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yazoo stream
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some tributaries that run parallel to the river for many miles before joining at valley
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where and how do point bars form
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depositing sediment on their inner bank (lower flow --> deposition)
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bed load
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coarser sediment (sand + gravel) that slides, rolls or skips along the stream bed
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suspended load
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finer sediment (usually clay and silt) suspended by turbulence in the flow - does not contact bed
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dissolved/solution load
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dissolved minerals carried in the flow
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what is a braided river and where are they found
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one of a number of channel types and has a channel that consists of a network of small channels seperate by small and often temperary islands
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what is a river bluff
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a cliff at the edge of a floodplain where the fiver has eroded into the bedrock valley sides
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what is a cutbank
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meander shift sideways by eroding the outerbank (higher flow --> entrainment)
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drainage basin
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area that drains into a channel network
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what is a floodplain and what is it made out of
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an area that is flooded by the river when it overflows its banks; flat, low-lying, well vegetated
- they are made out of sand and mud |
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Barchan Dunes
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limited sand supply, wind mainly from one direction
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Transverse Dunes
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abundant sand supply, wind mainly from one direction
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Longitudinal Dunes
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limited sand supply, strong bidirectional winds
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loess
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the fine silt carried in suspension for long distances forms a loess
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playa
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(spanish for beach)
salt deposits of a dried up lake |
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bajada
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where channels emerge, alluvial fans are built from mud flows
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deflation
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the erosion of a surface by wind
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desert pavement
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coarse particles left behind from deflation
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mesa
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slopes that are eroded back and maintain their angular form- where resistant flat layers are present
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butte
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smaller version of mesa
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tidal range
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difference in height between successive high and low tides
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stack (coastal features)
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where the coast is steep; the result of continuous wave erosion at the base of cliffed coastline is the formation of a wave-cut platform - erosional reminants
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arch (coastal feature)
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sea cliffs are formed by the undercutting action of the sea
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wave-length
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distance between identical points in the adjacent cycles of a wave-length signal propagated in space or along a line
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what causes tides
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gravtional pull of the moon
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neap
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(low tidal range) effect of the pull of the moon is decreased when the moon is at right angles to the sun
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spring tides
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(high tidal range) effect of the pull of the moon is increased when the moon lines up with the sun
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ebb tide
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semi-diurnal tides (2 highs/ 2 lows a day)
*out going tide* |
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flood tide
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*incoming tide*
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when do spring tides occur
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when the moon lines up with the sun
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when do the neap tides occur
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when the moon is at right angles to the sun
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fetch
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when the wave approaches the coast, bottom friction slows it down so that the wave-length becomes smaller, while the wave height becomes larger
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spit
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is deposition landform which consists of material deposited in a long ridge extending out from a coast - partially blocks mouth of the bay
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baymouth bay
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if a spit grows to completely cut off the bar from the ocean and form an inland lagoon
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tombolo
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occurs when sediment deposit connect the shoreline with an off shore island or sea stack by accumulating or an underwater wave-built terrace
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process of a beach drift
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particles on the beach also are moved along as beach drift, shfting back and forth between water and land with each swash and backwash of the surf. individual sediment grains trace arched paths along the beach
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causes of most erosions at the coastlines
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waves in the ocean and other large bodies of water
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semi diurnal tides
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2 highs and 2 lows a day
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what is wave oscillation and how deep does it extend
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wind generated oscillary waves - wave form moves throughout the water
- depends on the height of the wave, which depends on wind speed over which which the wind is blowing |
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coastal marsh
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when sediment is moved into a low energy coastal environment
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